Prototype theory Theory of categorization based upon degrees of similarity to a central case Prototype theory is a theory of categorization in cognitive science, particularly in psychology and cognitive linguistics, in which there is a graded degree of belonging to a conceptual category, and some members are more central than others. It emerged in 1971 with the work of psychologist Eleanor Rosch, and it has been described as a "Copernican Revolution" in the theory of categorization for its departure from the traditional Aristotelian categories.[1] It has been criticized by those that still endorse the traditional theory of categories, like linguist Eugenio Coseriu and other proponents of the structural semantics paradigm.[1] In this prototype theory, any given concept in any given language has a real world example that best represents this concept. For example: when asked to give an example of the concept furniture, a couch is more frequently cited than, say, a wardrobe. Overview and terminology [edit] 1.
Archetype The concept of an archetype /ˈɑːrkɪtaɪp/ appears in areas relating to behavior, historical psychological theory, and literary analysis. An archetype can be: Etymology[edit] The word archetype, "original pattern from which copies are made", first entered into English usage in the 1540s[1] and derives from the Latin noun archetypum, latinisation of the Greek noun ἀρχέτυπον (archétypon), whose adjective form is ἀρχέτυπος (archétypos), which means "first-molded",[2] which is a compound of ἀρχή archḗ, "beginning, origin",[3] and τύπος týpos, which can mean, amongst other things, "pattern", "model", or "type".[4] It, thus, referred to the beginning or origin of the pattern, model or type.[5] Function[edit] Usage of archetypes in specific pieces of writing is a holistic approach, which can help the writing win universal acceptance. Plato[edit] The origins of the archetypal hypothesis date as far back as Plato. Jungian archetypes[edit] Jung states in part one of Man And His Symbols that:
Recognition primed decision Decision-making model Recognition-primed decision (RPD) is a model of how people make quick, effective decisions when faced with complex situations. In this model, the decision maker is assumed to generate a possible course of action, compare it to the constraints imposed by the situation, and select the first course of action that is not rejected. Overview[edit] The RPD model identifies a reasonable reaction as the first one that is immediately considered. RPD reveals a critical difference between experts and novices when presented with recurring situations. Variations[edit] There are three variations in RPD strategy. Variation 2 occurs when the decision maker diagnoses an unknown situation to choose from a known selection of courses of action. In Variation 3, the decision maker is knowledgeable of the situation but unaware of the proper course of action. Application[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] Gary A.
Jungian archetypes Archetypes are universal archaic patterns and images that derive from the collective unconscious According to Jungian approach of psychology, some highly developed elements of the collective unconscious are called "archetypes". Carl Jung developed an understanding of archetypes as universal, archaic patterns and images that derive from the collective unconscious and are the psychic counterpart of instinct [1] They are autonomous and hidden forms which are transformed once they enter consciousness and are given particular expression by individuals and their cultures. Being unconscious, the existence of archetypes can only be deduced indirectly by examining behavior, images, art, myths, religions, or dreams. They are inherited potentials which are actualized when they enter consciousness as images or manifest in behavior on interaction with the outside world.[2] Introduction[edit] Jung's idea of archetypes were based in part on Plato's Forms Early development[edit] Later development[edit]
Psychological Types Psychological Types is Volume 6 in the Princeton / Bollingen edition of The Collected Works of C. G. Jung.[1] It was also published in the U.K. by Routledge.[2] The original German language edition, Psychologische Typen, was first published by Rascher Verlag, Zurich in 1921.[3] Extensive detailed abstracts of each chapter are available online.[4] The eight psychological types are as follows: Extraverted sensationIntroverted sensationExtraverted intuitionIntroverted intuitionExtraverted thinkingIntroverted thinkingExtraverted feelingIntroverted feeling Historical context[edit] The characteristic animosity between the adherents of the two standpoints arises from the fact that either standpoint necessarily involves a devaluation and disparagement of the other. Due to the multifarious nature of fantasy, the fantasies of both Adlerian and Freudian patients contained ample empirical evidence to reinforce the steadfast belief of each side in their respective theories. See also[edit] Notes[edit]
Psychiatrist A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in psychiatry. A psychiatrist specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. Psychiatrists are medical doctors who must evaluate patients to determine whether or not their symptoms are the result of a physical illness, a combination of physical and mental, or a strictly psychiatric one. Subspecialties[edit] The field of psychiatry has many subspecialties (also known as Fellowships) that require additional training which are certified by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) and require Maintenance of Certification Program (MOC) to continue. Further, other specialties that exist include: [1] Some psychiatrists specialize in helping certain age groups. Professional requirements[edit] While requirements to become a psychiatrist differ from country to country, all require a medical degree.[1][3] US and Canada[edit] United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland[edit] Netherlands[edit] See also[edit] References[edit]
Carl Jung Carl Gustav Jung (/jʊŋ/; German: [ˈkarl ˈɡʊstaf jʊŋ]; 26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961), often referred to as C. G. Jung, was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist who founded analytical psychology.[2] Jung proposed and developed the concepts of the collective unconscious, archetypes, and extraversion and introversion. His work has been influential not only in psychiatry but also in philosophy, anthropology, archeology, literature, and religious studies. The central concept of analytical psychology is individuation—the psychological process of integrating the opposites, including the conscious with the unconscious, while still maintaining their relative autonomy.[3] Jung considered individuation to be the central process of human development.[4] Jung saw the human psyche as "by nature religious"[5] and made this religiousness the focus of his explorations.[6] Jung is one of the best known contemporary contributors to dream analysis and symbolization. Early years[edit] Childhood family[edit]
Id, ego and super-ego The three parts are the theoretical constructs in terms of whose activity and interaction our mental life is described. According to this Freudian model of the psyche, the id is the set of uncoordinated instinctual trends; the super-ego plays the critical and moralizing role; and the ego is the organized, realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego.[1] As Freud explained: The functional importance of the ego is manifested in the fact that normally control over the approaches to motility devolves upon it. Thus in its relation to the id it is like a man on horseback, who has to hold in check the superior strength of the horse; with this difference, that the rider tries to do so with his own strength while the ego uses borrowed forces. The analogy may be carried a little further. Freud (1933) hypothesizes different levels of ego ideal or superego development with increasingly greater ideals: Id[edit] In the id: Ego[edit] Super-ego[edit] Translation[edit] People
Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud (/frɔɪd/;[2] German pronunciation: [ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏ̯t]; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist, now known as the father of psychoanalysis. Freud qualified as a doctor of medicine at the University of Vienna in 1881,[3] and then carried out research into cerebral palsy, aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomy at the Vienna General Hospital.[4] Upon completing his habilitation in 1895, he was appointed a docent in neuropathology in the same year and became an affiliated professor (professor extraordinarius) in 1902.[5][6] Psychoanalysis remains influential within psychotherapy, within some areas of psychiatry, and across the humanities. As such, it continues to generate extensive and highly contested debate with regard to its therapeutic efficacy, its scientific status, and whether it advances or is detrimental to the feminist cause.[10] Nonetheless, Freud's work has suffused contemporary Western thought and popular culture.
Late Middle Ages Period of European history between 1250 and 1500 CE From the Apocalypse in a Biblia Pauperum illuminated at Erfurt around the time of the Great Famine. Death sits astride a lion whose long tail ends in a ball of flame (Hell). Famine points to her hungry mouth. The Late Middle Ages or Late Medieval Period was the period of European history lasting from 1250 to 1500 AD. Around 1300, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. Despite the crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing, which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. The changes brought about by these developments have led many scholars to view this period as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modern history and of early modern Europe. Historiography and periodization[edit] History[edit] Northern Europe[edit] Northwest Europe[edit] Western Europe[edit]