Looking back: Finding Little Albert - Vol. 24, Part 5 ( May 2011)
Hall P. Beck, with Gary Irons, reports on a seven-year search for psychology’s lost boy In 1920 the British Psychological Society invited John Broadus Watson to address a symposium on behaviourism (Watson, 1920). Watson was disappointed that his university was unable to fund his crossing. In the winter of 1919/20, Watson and his graduate assistant, Rosalie Alberta Rayner, attempted to condition a baby boy, Albert B., to fear a white laboratory rat (Watson & Rayner, 1920). Despite its methodological shortcomings and questionable ethics (Cornwell & Hobbs, 1976; Samelson, 1980), the attempted conditioning of Albert is a staple in psychology textbooks and one of the most influential investigations in the discipline. After the last day of testing, Albert left his home on the Johns Hopkins campus. What was known about Albert From Watson’s writings we learned that Albert’s mother was a wet nurse in the Harriet Lane Home, a paediatric facility on the Hopkins campus. - Hall P.
Child Psychology - The Development of our Children
Child Psychology Child psychology involves looking at the issues, stages and various influences that a child experiences throughout their development into functioning adults. Child psychology can be divided into two main areas - the actual process of psychological development that the child goes through when growing up and the analysis and treatment of the various problems that a child may face throughout their development. During a child's development from infancy to adulthood, many influences are responsible for shaping their ways of seeing the world, their ideas of their own identity and their place within society. Factors such as environmental setting, family, community and the media all shape a child. In a perfect world, a child would develop successfully into a happily functioning adult, without any problems along the way, however this is not usually the case and many children find that they may struggle throughout the process. Related Links
Looking Back: The making and breaking of attachment theory - Vol. 22, Part 10 ( October 2009)
Barbara Tizard on John Bowlby – the origins of his ideas, their impact and his often underestimated willingness to revise them John Bowlby (1907–1990) first attained fame – some would say notoriety – in 1951, with the publication of his monograph Maternal Care and Mental Health. In it he presented evidence that maternal care in infancy and early childhood is essential for mental health. He claimed this as a discovery comparable to that of the role of vitamins in mental health. Bowlby’s own experience of maternal care seems to have been limited. After public school, he read medicine at Cambridge and University College Hospital, and did voluntary work in an analytically oriented school for maladjusted children, before starting a seven-year Kleinian psychoanalysis, and training as an adult psychiatrist at the Maudsley Hospital. The book made a tremendous impact on the general public. Some psychologists at once criticised Bowlby’s theories.
Evolutionary developmental psychology
It further proposes that an evolutionary account would provide some insight into not only predictable stages of ontogeny, but into specific differences between individuals as well. Such a perspective suggests that there are multiple alternative strategies to recurring problems that human children would have faced throughout our evolutionary past and that individual differences in developmental patterns aren’t necessarily idiosyncratic reactions, but are predictable, adaptive responses to environmental pressures. Brief history[edit] Traditionally, evolutionary psychologists tended to focus their research and theorizing primarily on adults, especially on behaviors related to socializing and mating. There was much less of a focus on psychological development, as it relates to Darwinian evolution. Pioneers of EDP have worked to integrate evolutionary and developmental theories, without totally discarding the traditional theories of either. Some basic assumptions[edit] See also[edit]
Parenting Style
Learning theory (education) - Wikipedia
Theory that describes how students receive, process, and retain knowledge during learning Educational philosophy [edit] Classical theorists Educational psychology Methodological behaviorism is based on the theory of only explaining public events, or observable behavior. In behavior analysis, learning is the acquisition of a new behavior through conditioning and social learning. Learning and conditioning The three main types of conditioning and learning: Classical conditioning, where the behavior becomes a reflex response to an antecedent stimulus.Operant conditioning, where antecedent stimuli results from the consequences that follow the behavior through a reward (reinforcement) or a punishment.Social learning theory, where an observation of behavior is followed by modeling. Transfer of learning Techniques and benefits of transfer of learning Other cognitive theories Transformative learning theory Educational neuroscience Formal and mental discipline Multiple intelligences Other learning theories 76.
