Bretton Woods system The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states in the mid-20th century. The Bretton Woods system was the first example of a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states. The chief features of the Bretton Woods system were an obligation for each country to adopt a monetary policy that maintained the exchange rate by tying its currency to gold and the ability of the IMF to bridge temporary imbalances of payments. Also, there was a need to address the lack of cooperation among other countries and to prevent competitive devaluation of the currencies as well. Origins[edit] Interwar period[edit] A high level of agreement among the powerful (nations) that failed to coordinate exchange rates during the interwar period had exacerbated political tensions facilitated the decisions reached by the Bretton Woods Conference. "...
Department of Commerce The Uncertainty Of Economics: Exploring The Dismal Science When speaking or reading about economics, you've probably heard someone drop the phrase the dismal science. If you did not know what this phrase meant, you may have dismissed it as a clever joke, or, harboring a secret passion for experimental observation and beakers, you may have been too shy to question how on earth any science could be dismal. Looking at what the dismal science is and why it carries such a depressing name, however, may help you better understand why you may face uncertainty and contradictions in your investing endeavors. OriginsThe phrase "dismal science" was coined by Thomas Carlyle in response to Thomas Malthus' beliefs that the exponential population growth would outpace the linear growth of the world's food supply, resulting in a global famine. Why Economics Isn't Really a ScienceIn addition to the blunder of Malthus the phrase dismal science refers to the unreliability of economics in comparison to conventional sciences such as mathematics, physics or biology.
International Monetary Fund Home Page Bitcoin Decentralized digital currency Bitcoin (abbreviation: BTC[a] or XBT[b]; sign: ₿) is a protocol which implements a highly available, public, permanent, and decentralized ledger. In order to add to the ledger, a user must prove they control an entry in the ledger. The protocol specifies that the entry indicates an amount of a token, bitcoin with a minuscule b. The user can update the ledger, assigning some of their bitcoin to another entry in the ledger. The Library of Congress reports that, as of November 2021, nine countries have fully banned bitcoin use, and a further forty-two have implicitly banned it.[15] A few governments have used bitcoin in some capacity. Bitcoin has been described as an economic bubble by at least eight recipients of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.[17] Design Units and divisibility The unit of account of the bitcoin system is the bitcoin. Blockchain Data structure of blocks in the ledger Transactions Ownership Mining Supply Decentralization Wallets History
U.S. Department of Agriculture Agencies and Offices A list of all Agencies and Offices within USDA Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services Commodity, credit, conservation, disaster, emergency assistance programs... Food, Nutrition and Consumer Services Dietary guidance, nutrition policy coordination, nutrition education... Food Safety Meat, poultry, and egg inspection, food recalls, food labeling, packaging... Marketing and Regulatory Programs Organic program, animal and plant health, grain inspection... Natural Resources and Environment Forestry, conservation, damage prevention, land management, sustainable land management... Research, Education and Economics U.S. food and fibers system, library, statistics, research, analysis, education... Rural Development Financial programs, water and sewer systems, housing, health clinics, economic development, loans, lending pools...
Measuring Worth - Relative Value of the US Dollar. The "real" price of gasoline: Gasoline cost 27 cents a gallon in 1949 compared to around $3.60 today.* How has the relative cost of buying gas changed over the last 63 years? Presented here are two tables computing the annual "real" cost using our seven indicators, one in 2012 dollars, and the other in 1949 dollars. While the two tables show the same trends, they do give a different perspective. Using the 2012 table and the CPI and the GDP deflator, we see that gasoline was quite expensive in 1980 and 1981 and the cheapest in 1998 and 1999. By looking at the share of the Consumer Bundle and GDP per capita, the story is a bit different. The other table tells the story in a different way. When we use the GDP per capita, the cost has fallen faster. Finally, comparing its cost as a share of GDP, we see that in 1949 prices, it is about 6 cents.
Data and Statistics World Economic Outlook Databases (WEO) Updated Download time series data for GDP growth, inflation, unemployment, payments balances, exports, imports, external debt, capital flows, commodity prices. More International Financial Statistics (IFS) More IMF Statistics Data Provides comprehensive access to IFS, BOPS, DOTS, GFS and free access to a range of additional IMF datasets. Data Portal Principal Global Indicators (PGI) A website that brings together data for the major economies available from international agencies covering the financial, governmental, external, and real sectors, and provides links to data in web sites of international and national agencies. More Global Housing Watch A website that tracks developments in housing markets around the world. More Balance of Payments Statistics (BOPS) More Coordinated Direct Investment Survey (CDIS) Updated The CDIS collects data and metadata on inward and outward direct investment positions cross-classified by counterpart economy. More More More More
Beyond Money: Notes on Neoliberalism and its Alternative In our modern world of reality television, smartphones, and Wal-Mart, it is easy for one to forget that there is a network of influences and power structures that direct the course of our daily lives as individuals and as a society. While one may worry that he or she will not catch the bus or that a thief might break into one’s car and steal the stereo, we pay little mind to what is needed to make the buses run or why an individual may turn to a life of thievery. Even major issues, such as the scare that the United States government might have shut down in the face of a debt crisis or the Occupy Wall Street protests, receive their time in the spotlight on major news networks and are then glossed over in a matter of weeks. To wit: when was the last time you thought about Darfur, or Goldman Sachs? However, there is something else about capitalism that most people do not know: there is an alternative. The Roots of Capitalism Shock and Awe A World without Money Then, what else is there?
The New Arthurian Economics Harvard - Online Data Sources Online Data Sources Political Governance Stability Corruption Freedom and human rights Social United Nations Population Health Ethnic groups Religion Quality of life Socio-economic Economic General Income Resources – natural, food, water, sanitation Economic freedom Development Global investment Security Armed conflict Military balance Conflict data Disaster security See also: Key to source classifications Political ( ^ ) Worldwide Governance Indicators – World Bank {ind} Indicators, reports, data, and comparisons over time and between countries available. Indicators available: Voice and Accountability Political Stability Government Effectiveness Regulatory Quality Rule of Law Control of Corruption Data format: Online search, table and charting interface 212 countries (includes all Muslim countries). Polity IV Datasets – Center for Systemic Peace {ind} Data format: Excel, SPSS
Money A sample picture of a fictional ATM card. The largest part of the world's money exists only as accounting numbers which are transferred between financial computers. Various plastic cards and other devices give individual consumers the power to electronically transfer such money to and from their bank accounts, without the use of currency. Money is any object or verifiable record that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a particular country or socio-economic context.[1][2][3] The main functions of money are distinguished as: a medium of exchange; a unit of account; a store of value; and, occasionally in the past, a standard of deferred payment.[4][5] Any kind of object or verifiable record that fulfills these functions can be considered money. The money supply of a country consists of currency (banknotes and coins) and usually includes bank money (the balance held in checking accounts and savings accounts). Etymology History Functions Types
StockTwits University StockTwits U Welcome to the educational arm of StockTwitsU. This section is devoted to market education and curriculum. Each link below leads to an article or case study on a specific financial topic. Technical Analysisthis section provides an introduction to technical analysis and its fundamentals. Fundamentalsthe fundamentals section is an introduction to investment, trading, and interacting on the StockTwits network. Tradingthe trading section digs deeper into the concept of trading and investing, which includes psychology, strategy, and technical aspects. The Marketthe trading section digs deeper into the concept of trading and investing, which includes psychology, strategy, and technical aspects. Psychologythe psychology section introduces the mental aspects of trading and how to manage your emotions. Quantsthis section is dedicated to the quantitative aspects of trading and investing in the markets.