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Transformation of Russia in the Nineteenth Century Russia Table of Contents The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were times of crisis for Russia. Not only did technology and industry continue to develop more rapidly in the West, but also new, dynamic, competitive great powers appeared on the world scene: Otto von Bismarck united Germany in the 1860s, the post-Civil War United States grew in size and strength, and a modernized Japan emerged from the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Although Russia was an expanding regional giant in Central Asia, bordering the Ottoman, Persian, British Indian, and Chinese empires, it could not generate enough capital to support rapid industrial development or to compete with advanced countries on a commercial basis. Russia's fundamental dilemma was that accelerated domestic development risked upheaval at home, but slower progress risked full economic dependency on the faster-advancing countries to the east and west. Economic Developments Reforms and Their Limits, 1855-92 Vladimir I. Custom Search
World Economic Outlook 2012 -- IMF Lately, the near-term outlook has noticeably deteriorated, as evidenced by worsening high-frequency indicators in the last quarter of 2011 (Figure 2: CSV|PDF). The main reason is the escalating euro area crisis, which is interacting with financial fragilities elsewhere (Figure 3: CSV|PDF). Specifically, concerns about banking sector losses and fiscal sustainability widened sovereign spreads for many euro area countries, which reached highs not seen since the launch of the Economic and Monetary Union. The updated WEO projections see global activity decelerating but not collapsing. Overall, activity in the advanced economies is now projected to expand by 1½ percent on average during 2012–13. • The euro area economy is now expected to go into a mild recession in 2012—consistent with what was presented as a downside scenario in the January 2011 WEO Update. Commodity prices generally declined in 2011, in response to weaker global demand. Downside risks stem from several sources.
19th Century The Nineteenth Century. Throughout the century, conservative kings and their aristocratic advisors remained in power in most European states. But the 19th century was also a century of progress, peace, and tremendous social change. The Industrial Revolution which had begun in England during the second half of the 18th century, spread to the Netherlands and France; from there to Germany, Northern Italy, the United States, and Japan. By the end of the century, it was beginning to have an impact on Russia. The substitution of machine labor for human and animal labor constituted the most important social change, in my opinion, since the Neolithic or Agricultural Revolution some 10,000 years ago. Between 1815 and 1914, no major world war disrupted the general progress of economic development. After 1871, there was a second wave of European colonization which led to the subjugation of almost all of Africa to the European powers.
IMF -- International Monetary Fund Home Page About Some 19th Century Theories of Suicide | Cristina E. Bradatan International Journal of Comparative Sociology 48(5) This article will try to answer these questions in a particular case, namely, two19th-century theories of suicide – those of Masaryk and Durkheim. Using newdata, I am trying to see what new perspectives – if any – can these two theoriesshade on the data. My discussion will focus on differences and similarities betweenthe two theories as well as on the usefulness of their ideas for the nowadayssituation.I have chosen these two 19th-century theories for two reasons: 1) both of themfocus their explanations on changing societies, which is also the case with 1990sRomania, a country struggling with the political and social transition from a statesocialism to a (rather wild) capitalism; 2) these two theories had a very differentpublic impact, although their ideas are not very different. Suicide , published in 1897 became a classic text in sociology, Masaryk’sessay Suicide and the Meaning of Civilization Bills of Mortality moral perspective to a
How the Government Measures Unemployment How the Government Measures Unemployment (PDF) Why does the Government collect statistics on the unemployed? When workers are unemployed, they, their families, and the country as a whole lose. Workers and their families lose wages, and the country loses the goods or services that could have been produced. In addition, the purchasing power of these workers is lost, which can lead to unemployment for yet other workers. To know about unemployment—the extent and nature of the problem—requires information. Where do the statistics come from? Early each month, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) of the U.S. Some people think that to get these figures on unemployment, the Government uses the number of persons filing claims for unemployment insurance (UI) benefits under State or Federal Government programs. Other people think that the Government counts every unemployed person each month. There are about 60,000 households in the sample for this survey. People with jobs are employed.
Datasets on various types of institutions | Collective Action Newsletter The data collection of this project does not primarily consist of digitizing documents (via scanning) but of the processing of a range of documents, that reside in archives, primary and secondary literature. The researcher can have access to complete databases on a number of parameters right away. In some cases we also provide scans of the original documents, by way of example. The geographic scope of the data collection varies from institution to institution. Please note that many of the databases mentioned here are still under construction.