Timeline of the universe | Science Using observatories on the earth and in space, astronomers have been able to study the nature of the cosmos in unprecedented detail. By analysing the motion of distant galaxies, they have discovered that the whole cosmos is expanding under the influence of forces unleashed at its birth in the big bang. Combined with studies of the radiation left over from that primordial explosion, they have found that the universe was born 13.7bn years ago, give or take 200m years. Pinning down the date of creation with such precision is impressive, but scientists have gone much further. 10^-43 seconds Known as the Planck Era, this is the closest that current physics can get to the absolute beginning of time. 10^-35 seconds The so-called Grand Unification Era, at the end of which the superforce begins to break apart into the constituent forces we see today. 10^-32 seconds 10^-11 seconds 10^-6 seconds 200 seconds 300,000 years 200m years 0.5bn - 1bn years 9bn years 9.1bn years
Vacuum energy Vacuum energy is an underlying background energy that exists in space throughout the entire Universe. One contribution to the vacuum energy may be from virtual particles which are thought to be particle pairs that blink into existence and then annihilate in a timespan too short to observe. They are expected to do this everywhere, throughout the Universe. Their behavior is codified in Heisenberg's energy–time uncertainty principle. Still, the exact effect of such fleeting bits of energy is difficult to quantify. The effects of vacuum energy can be experimentally observed in various phenomena such as spontaneous emission, the Casimir effect and the Lamb shift, and are thought to influence the behavior of the Universe on cosmological scales. Origin[edit] Summing over all possible oscillators at all points in space gives an infinite quantity. Additional contributions to the vacuum energy come from spontaneous symmetry breaking in quantum field theory. Implications[edit] [citation needed]
Pigeonhole principle An image of pigeons in holes. Here there are n = 10 pigeons in m = 9 holes. Since 10 is greater than 9, the pigeonhole principle says that at least one hole has more than one pigeon. In mathematics, the pigeonhole principle states that if n items are put into m containers, with n > m, then at least one container must contain more than one item. This theorem is exemplified in real-life by truisms like "there must be at least two left gloves or two right gloves in a group of three gloves". It is an example of a counting argument, and despite seeming intuitive it can be used to demonstrate possibly unexpected results; for example, that two people in London have the same number of hairs on their heads (see below). The first formalization of the idea is believed to have been made by Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet in 1834 under the name Schubfachprinzip ("drawer principle" or "shelf principle"). Examples[edit] Softball team[edit] Sock-picking[edit] Hand-shaking[edit] Hair-counting[edit]
Unveiling the Mystics of Sacred Geometry Sacred Geometry, how can I find the words to describe it? The need for us to speak about Sacred Geometry was dire but as usual the need to be thorough delayed it. So a week after googling “Sacred Geometry” and trolling through a lot of esoteric links, my mind is exploding with information. There is so much more to put in, but let me try compiling what I have watched and learnt and hopefully we shall present a decent overview on this subject. Let me start with the basic, what is sacred geometry? These same laws can be applied to produce visual harmony. Sacred geometric ratios applied to music gives it healing powers to harmonize a body that is out of balance. Nature itself has so much Sacred Geometry to display and in the video itself you would have heard, if you are open to it, its everywhere! From the center of a Sunflower Sacred Geometry can be seen all around us, here we can see it in the center of the Sunflower. Leonardo da vinci drew the Vitruvian man based on the work of Vitruvius.
Quantum gravity Quantum gravity (QG) is a field of theoretical physics that seeks to describe the force of gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics. Although a quantum theory of gravity is needed in order to reconcile general relativity with the principles of quantum mechanics, difficulties arise when one attempts to apply the usual prescriptions of quantum field theory to the force of gravity.[3] From a technical point of view, the problem is that the theory one gets in this way is not renormalizable and therefore cannot be used to make meaningful physical predictions. As a result, theorists have taken up more radical approaches to the problem of quantum gravity, the most popular approaches being string theory and loop quantum gravity.[4] Strictly speaking, the aim of quantum gravity is only to describe the quantum behavior of the gravitational field and should not be confused with the objective of unifying all fundamental interactions into a single mathematical framework.
Chaos theory A double rod pendulum animation showing chaotic behavior. Starting the pendulum from a slightly different initial condition would result in a completely different trajectory. The double rod pendulum is one of the simplest dynamical systems that has chaotic solutions. Chaos: When the present determines the future, but the approximate present does not approximately determine the future. Chaotic behavior can be observed in many natural systems, such as weather and climate.[6][7] This behavior can be studied through analysis of a chaotic mathematical model, or through analytical techniques such as recurrence plots and Poincaré maps. Introduction[edit] Chaos theory concerns deterministic systems whose behavior can in principle be predicted. Chaotic dynamics[edit] The map defined by x → 4 x (1 – x) and y → x + y mod 1 displays sensitivity to initial conditions. In common usage, "chaos" means "a state of disorder".[9] However, in chaos theory, the term is defined more precisely. where , and , is: .
How Does Theta Work | Quantum Theta The scientific basis of ThetaHealing® consists of two main categories, quantum and epigenetic: Quantum StuffWe are quantum beings. This simple fact is the beginning of understanding how and why ThetaHealing® works. We are not merely physical beings, made of matter. Scientists proved early in the last century that classical physics — that is, the theory that we are made up of solid sub-atomic particles whose activities can be understood and reliably predicted — is not entirely accurate. An important concept in both the quantum and the ThetaHealing® worlds is the observer effect: the fact that, as proven to surprised scientists in studies, the act of observation itself has a measurable effect on the behavior of sub-atomic particles. One more awesome aspect of quantum change: it is, by definition, fast. Electrons, as you may or may not remember from your high school science classes, orbit around the nucleus of an atom.
String (physics) In physics, a string is a physical object that appears in string theory and related subjects. Unlike elementary particles, which are zero-dimensional or point-like by definition, strings are one-dimensional extended objects. Theories in which the fundamental objects are strings rather than point particles automatically have many properties that are expected to hold in a fundamental theory of physics. Most notably, a theory of strings that evolve and interact according to the rules of quantum mechanics will automatically describe quantum gravity. In string theory, the strings may be open (forming a segment with two endpoints) or closed (forming a loop like a circle) and may have other special properties. In theories of particle physics based on string theory, the characteristic length scale of strings is typically on the order of the Planck length, the scale at which the effects of quantum gravity are believed to become significant. Strings can be either open or closed.
Chaos game Animation of chaos game method The "chaos game" method plots points in random order all over the attractor. This is in contrast to other methods of drawing fractals, which test each pixel on the screen to see whether it belongs to the fractal. The general shape of a fractal can be plotted quickly with the "chaos game" method, but it may be difficult to plot some areas of the fractal in detail. With the aid of the "chaos game" a new fractal can be made and while making the new fractal some parameters can be obtained. See also[edit] Chaos theory References[edit] Jump up ^ Barnsley, Michael (1993). External links[edit] IFS Fractal fern and Sierpinski triangle - JAVA applet