List of philosophers The alphabetical list of philosophers is so large it had to be broken up into several pages. To look up a philosopher you know the name of, click on the first letter of his or her last name. To find philosophers by core area, field, major philosophical tradition, ethnicity, or time periods, see the subheadings further below. General[edit] List of Women philosophers Lists of philosophers by core area[edit] Lists of philosophers by field[edit] Lists of philosophers by major philosophical Tradition[edit] Lists of philosophers by philosophical theory[edit] Lists of philosophers by era[edit] Timelines[edit] Lists of philosophers by language, nationality, religion, or region[edit] See also[edit]
Problem of Hell The "problem of Hell" is an ethical problem related to some religions in which portrayals of Hell as a place where immortal souls are conscious are ostensibly cruel, and are thus inconsistent with the concepts of a just, moral and omnibenevolent God.[1] The problem of Hell revolves around four key points: Hell exists in the first place, some people go there, there is no escape, and it is punishment for actions or inactions done on Earth.[2] The belief that non-believers of a particular religion, or "the wicked" among believers, face damnation or destruction is called special salvation. The belief that all are saved regardless of belief, or regardless of "goodness" or "wickedness", is referred to as universal reconciliation. Issues[edit] There are several major issues to the problem of Hell. The first is whether the existence of Hell is compatible with justice. Judaism[edit] Christianity[edit] I also maintain that those who are punished in Gehenna, are scourged by the scourge of love.
America Can Be Free Seminar Support Agnosticism Agnostosticism is the belief that claims concerning God and certain accompanying religious or metaphysical beliefs cannot be proven either way. The truth is not known so it cannot be argued. In the words of Jorge Luis Borges, a famous Argentinian writer and poet: Many Atheists discover that the proper for their beliefs would actually be Agnostic, while some Agnostics occasionally refer to themselves as Atheists, just to 'keep it simple'. However, as in his essay ' Am I An Atheist Or An Agnostic? Read " Am I An Atheist Or An Agnostic? The History of Agnosticism Even though the term is somewhat modern, coined by Thomas Henry Huxley who first mentioned it in his speech given in 1876, is ancient! An excerpt from an ancient sacred text of Hinduism called Rigveda (~1700-1100 BCE) , or more specifically the Nasadiya Sukta, a creation hymn, says: " {*style:<i><b>Who really knows? Whence is this creation? Who then knows whence it has arisen?
Metempsychosis Transmigration of the soul European antiquity[edit] It is unclear how the doctrine of metempsychosis arose in Greece. Orphism[edit] Pre-Socratic philosophy[edit] The earliest Greek thinker with whom metempsychosis is connected is Pherecydes of Syros,[8] but Pythagoras, who is said to have been his pupil, is its first famous philosophic exponent. Platonic philosophy[edit] In later Greek literature, the doctrine appears from time to time; it is mentioned in a fragment of Menander (the Inspired Woman) and satirized by Lucian (Gallus 18 seq.). Middle Ages[edit] Metempsychosis was a part of Catharism in Occitania in the 12th century.[12] Renaissance[edit] Created in the early 15th century, the Rosicrucianist movement also conveyed an occult doctrine of metempsychosis.[13] In literature after the classical era[edit] Metempsychosis is referred to prominently in the concluding paragraph of Chapter 98, "Stowing Down and Clearing Up", of Herman Melville's Moby-Dick. See also[edit] References[edit]
Emanuel Swedenborg Emanuel Swedenborg ( Swedenborg had a prolific career as an inventor and scientist. In 1741, at age 53, he entered into a spiritual phase in which he began to experience dreams and visions, beginning on Easter weekend of April 6, 1744. This culminated in a 'spiritual awakening', in which he received revelation that he was appointed by the Lord to write the The Heavenly Doctrine to reform Christianity.[7] According to The Heavenly Doctrine the Lord had opened Swedenborg's spiritual eyes, so that from then on he could freely visit heaven and hell and talk with angels, demons and other spirits; and the Last Judgement had already occurred, in 1757.[8] However, he tells us that at this day it is very dangerous to talk with spirits, unless a person is in true faith, and is led by the Lord.[9][10] For the remaining 28 years of his life, Swedenborg wrote 18 published theological works, and several more which were unpublished. Biography[edit] Early life[edit] Scientific period[edit]
The School of Night From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Supposed group of poets and scientists of Elizabethan England The School of Night is a modern name for a group of men centred on Sir Walter Raleigh that was once referred to in 1592 as the "School of Atheism". The group supposedly included poets and scientists Christopher Marlowe, George Chapman, Matthew Roydon and Thomas Harriot.[1] There is no firm evidence that all of these men were known to each other, but speculation about their connections features prominently in some writing about the Elizabethan era. Name[edit] In 1936 Frances Yates found an unpublished essay on scholarship by the Earl of Northumberland, an associate of Raleigh and supposed member of the movement, and interpreted the earl's mockery of the "precious affectations" found among scholars as inspiring the key celibacy theme of the play.[10] The supposition is discounted as fanciful by some, but nonetheless received acceptance by some prominent commentators of the time.[5][11][12]
Spiritual Science Research Foundation Deism & Pandeism Deism is the belief that a supreme power created the universe and that this, and other truths, can be determined using reason and by observing the natural world. For deists there is no need for faith, nor organized religion in order to come to these conclusions. Most deists don't see holy books and divine revelation as an authoritative source, but rather as interpretations by other humans. In the words of Thomas Paine, an author, inventor and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States: "The true Deist has but one Deity, and his religion consists in contemplating the power, wisdom, and benignity of the Deity in his works, and in endeavoring to imitate him in everything moral, scientifical, and mechanical." There are various verbal evasions deists use when referring to 'God'. Pandeism is a pantheistic form of deism, or a belief which is a mixture of pantheism and deism. Some pandeists refer to God as the Deus in order to differentiate their ideas from those of theists.
Pythagoras | Philosimply | Philosophy Made Easy Pythagoras was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Samos (an island near Miletus, the famed “birthplace of Greek philosophy”) in 570 BC. He was famous throughout Greece as the leader of a religious community (the Pythagoreans), for his belief that the soul is immortal and in the possibility of reincarnation, as well as for maintaining that numbers are the fundamental principle of the world. He was a charismatic figure who combined mathematics, mysticism, science and religion together to create a way of life with a devoted following. Today, he is best known for his theory about the hypotenuse of a triangle ( a2 + b2 = c2), what is known as the Pythagorean theorem. In Samos, Pythagoras studied the astronomy of Anaximander as well as the geometry of Thales, until leaving at the age of 40 when the tyrant Polycrates came to power. Pythagoras’s belief in the immortality of the soul and the possibility of reincarnation was a huge break from tradition.
Positivism Positivism is the philosophy of science that information derived from logical and mathematical treatments and reports of sensory experience is the exclusive source of all authoritative knowledge,[1] and that there is valid knowledge (truth) only in this derived knowledge.[2] Verified data received from the senses are known as empirical evidence.[1] Positivism holds that society, like the physical world, operates according to general laws. Introspective and intuitive knowledge is rejected, as is metaphysics and theology. Although the positivist approach has been a recurrent theme in the history of western thought,[3] the modern sense of the approach was developed by the philosopher Auguste Comte in the early 19th century.[4] Comte argued that, much as the physical world operates according to gravity and other absolute laws, so does society.[5] Etymology[edit] Overview[edit] Antecedents[edit] Auguste Comte[edit] Antipositivism[edit] Main article: antipositivism In historiography[edit]
Understanding (and refuting) the arguments for God Michael Shermer has made a career of skepticism — he is the founder of Skeptic, for one — but in his 2000 book, How We Believe: The Search for God in an Age of Science, he does not come across as the hardcore atheist you might expect. (He prefers "nontheist.") One can appreciate his honesty and integrity. In a media that both champions and lambasts the so-called "New Atheist" movement, Shermer says one thing: Show me the evidence. Certain fundamentalists and atheists alike see the question of God as an either-or proposal, not content on the murky speculations presented by the other "side." 1. / 2. This argument results in an infinite regress. 3. Shermer borrows from Martin Gardner by stating that this is a "mysterian mystery" — the idea that nothing is unknowable is due to our minds being unable to process the thought of it. 4. As Shermer points out, if the first point were true, you would have to add the false, ignoble, and worst, all of which would also be God. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Personality Assessment Inventory Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI), authored by Leslie Morey, PhD, is a multi-scale test of psychological functioning that assesses constructs relevant to personality and psychopathology evaluation (e.g., depression, anxiety, aggression) in various contexts including psychotherapy, crisis/evaluation, forensic, personnel selection, pain/medical, and child custody assessment. The PAI has 22 non-overlapping scales, providing a comprehensive overview of psychopathology in adults. Development[edit] The rationale behind the development of the PAI was to create an assessment tool that would enable the measurement of psychological concepts while maintaining statistical strength. Strengths[edit] The PAI is often used in forensics and corrections, where moderate support for its validity has been noted.[2] The PAI has a number of strengths for applied psychological assessment. Limitations[edit] The PAI is a self-report instrument. See also[edit] References[edit]