Holistic health
Holistic health (or holistic medicine) is a diverse field of alternative medicine[1] in which the "whole person" is focused on, not just the malady itself.[2] Background and conceptual basis[edit] The holistic concept in medical practice, which is distinct from the concept in the alternative medicine, upholds that all aspects of people's needs including psychological, physical and social should be taken into account and seen as a whole. A 2007 study said the concept was alive and well in general medicine in Sweden.[3] Some practitioners of holistic medicine use alternative medicine exclusively, though sometimes holistic treatment can mean simply that a physician takes account of all a person's circumstances in giving treatment. Sometimes when alternative medicine is mixed with mainstream medicine the result is called "holistic" medicine, though this is more commonly termed integrative medicine.[2] Methods[edit] Reception[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] Further reading[edit]
Biomechanics
Page of one of the first works of Biomechanics (De Motu Animalium of Giovanni Alfonso Borelli) Word history[edit] The word "biomechanics" (1899) and the related "biomechanical" (1856) were coined by Nikolai Bernstein[citation needed] from the Ancient Greek βίος bios "life" and μηχανική, mēchanikē "mechanics", to refer to the study of the mechanical principles of living organisms, particularly their movement and structure.[3] Method[edit] Usually biological systems are much more complex than man-built systems. Numerical methods are hence applied in almost every biomechanical study. Subfields[edit] Applied subfields of biomechanics include: Sports biomechanics[edit] In sports biomechanics, the laws of mechanics are applied to human movement in order to gain a greater understanding of athletic performance and to reduce sport injuries as well. Continuum biomechanics[edit] Biomaterials are classified in two groups, hard and soft tissues. Biofluid mechanics[edit] Biotribology[edit] History[edit]
Pharmacology
A variety of topics involved with pharmacology, including neuropharmacology, renal pharmacology, human metabolism, intracellular metabolism, and inracellular regulation IUPAC definition Science of drugs including their origin, composition, pharmacokinetics,pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology.[1] Pharmacology (from Greek φάρμακον, pharmakon, "poison" in classic Greek; "drug" in modern Greek; and -λογία, -logia "study of", "knowledge of") is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action,[2] where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (within the body) molecule which exerts a biochemical and/or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals. Divisions[edit] Toxicology[edit]
Rx Abbreviations
This is a list of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions and hospital orders (sometimes referred to as sig codes). This list does not include abbreviations for pharmaceuticals (which is a separate article in itself). Capitalization and the use of periods is a matter of style. Numerical Notation[edit] When expressing a numerical quantity, Roman numerals are commonly used in place of arabic digits so as to avoid confusion. Currently "Discouraged" Practices[edit] References[edit] External links[edit] DAW Codes
Naturopathy
Naturopathy or naturopathic medicine is a form of alternative medicine employing a wide array of "natural" treatments, including homeopathy, herbalism, and acupuncture, as well as diet and lifestyle counseling. Naturopaths favor a holistic approach with non-invasive treatment and generally avoid the use of surgery and drugs. Naturopathic philosophy is based on a belief in vitalism and self-healing, and practitioners often prefer methods of treatment that are not compatible with evidence-based medicine. Naturopathic medicine is replete with pseudoscientific, ineffective, unethical, and possibly dangerous practices.[1] The term "naturopathy" was created from "natura" (Latin root for birth) and "pathos" (the Greek root for suffering) to suggest "natural healing". Naturopathic practitioners in the United States can be divided into three categories: traditional naturopaths; naturopathic physicians; and other health care providers that provide naturopathic services. History[edit] Methods[edit]
Evidence-based medicine
In practice, clinicians contextualize the best available research evidence by integrating it with their individual clinical expertise and their patient's values and expectations.[1] The incorporation of patient values and clinical expertise in EBM partly recognizes the fact that many aspects of health care depend on individual factors. These include variations in individual physiology and pathology, and quality-of-life and value-of-life judgments.[4] These factors are only partially subjected to scientific inquiry and sometimes even cannot be assessed in controlled experimental settings. Application of available evidence is therefore dependent on patient circumstances and preferences, and remains subject to input from personal, political, philosophical, religious, ethical, economic, and aesthetic values. The broad field of EBM would include rigorous and systematic analysis of published literature to synthesize high quality evidence, such as systematic reviews. U.S.
