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Dyslexia Dyslexia, or developmental reading disorder,[1] is characterized by difficulty with learning to read fluently and with accurate comprehension despite normal or above-average intelligence.[2][3][4] This includes difficulty with phonological awareness, phonological decoding, processing speed, orthographic coding, auditory short-term memory, language skills/verbal comprehension, and/or rapid naming.[5][6][7] Dyslexia is the most common learning difficulty[8] and most recognized reading disorder. There are other reading difficulties that are unrelated to dyslexia. Classification[edit] Internationally, dyslexia has no single definition; more than 70 names are used to describe its manifestations, characterizations or causes. Numerous symptom-based definitions of dyslexia suggest neurological approaches. Signs and symptoms[edit] Language[edit] Associated conditions[edit] Causes[edit] Neuroanatomy[edit] Genetics[edit] Gene-environment interaction[edit] Management[edit] Epidemiology[edit] History[edit]

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