Process Controller, Series F4 Temperature Process Controls
The SERIES F4 1⁄4 DIN temperature process controller offers performance features to meet a wide range of industrial processing needs. The F4 process controller is ideal for semiconductor manufacturing equipment, plastic processing and packaging equipment and industrial process control applications. This process controller features a four line, high definition LCD interface display, in addition to an information key that enables easy set up and control operation, minimizing the chance for error. Its 16-bit microprocessor ensures accuracy and delivers performance advantages you can count on from a Watlow controller. Four digital inputs remotely modify controller operation or enable display of pre-defined operator messages. Specifications: Note: The specifications in the table above are best available values in each category. Features & Benefits: Images:
Control theory
The concept of the feedback loop to control the dynamic behavior of the system: this is negative feedback, because the sensed value is subtracted from the desired value to create the error signal, which is amplified by the controller. Extensive use is usually made of a diagrammatic style known as the block diagram. The transfer function, also known as the system function or network function, is a mathematical representation of the relation between the input and output based on the differential equations describing the system. Although a major application of control theory is in control systems engineering, which deals with the design of process control systems for industry, other applications range far beyond this. Overview[edit] Smooth nonlinear trajectory planning with linear quadratic Gaussian feedback (LQR) control on a dual pendula system. Control theory is An example[edit] Classification[edit] Linear control theory vs Nonlinear control theory History[edit] Classical control theory[edit]
Black body
As the temperature of a black body decreases, its intensity also decreases and its peak moves to longer wavelengths. Shown for comparison is the classical Rayleigh–Jeans law and its ultraviolet catastrophe. A black body is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence. A black body in thermal equilibrium (that is, at a constant temperature) emits electromagnetic radiation called black-body radiation. The radiation is emitted according to Planck's law, meaning that it has a spectrum that is determined by the temperature alone (see figure at right), not by the body's shape or composition. A black body in thermal equilibrium has two notable properties:[1] It is an ideal emitter: it emits as much or more energy at every frequency than any other body at the same temperature.It is a diffuse emitter: the energy is radiated isotropically, independent of direction. Definition[edit] Idealizations[edit] Realizations[edit]
Gain scheduling
One or more observable variables, called the scheduling variables, are used to determine what operating region the system is currently in and to enable the appropriate linear controller. For example in an aircraft flight control system, the altitude and Mach number might be the scheduling variables, with different linear controller parameters available (and automatically plugged into the controller) for various combinations of these two variables. A relatively large scope state of the art about gain scheduling has been published in (Survey of Gain-Scheduling Analysis & Design, D.J.Leith, WE.Leithead).[1]
Intel 80186
A greatly simplified block diagram of the 80186 architecture. The Intel 80186 (also known as iAPX 186)[1] is a microprocessor and microcontroller introduced in 1982. It was based on the Intel 8086 and, like it, had a 16-bit external data bus multiplexed with a 20-bit address bus. Description[edit] Features and performance[edit] The 80186 series was generally intended for embedded systems, as microcontrollers with external memory. The initial clock rate of the 80186 was 6 MHz, but due to more hardware available for the microcode to use, especially for address calculation, many individual instructions ran faster than on an 8086 at the same clock frequency. A few new instructions were introduced with the 80186 (referred to as the 8086-2 instruction set in some datasheets): enter/leave (replacing several instructions when handling stack frames), pusha/popa (push/pop all general registers), bound (check array index against bounds), and ins/outs (input/output of string). Uses[edit]
Deadband
Input and output of the deadband operator. Voltage regulators[edit] In some substations there are regulators that keep the voltage within certain predetermined limits, but there is a range of voltage in-between during which no changes are made, such as, maybe, between 112 to 118 volts (deadband is 6 volts here), or 215 to 225 volts (deadband is 10 volts here). Backlash[edit] Gear teeth with slop (backlash) exhibit deadband. Hysteresis Vs. Deadband is different from hysteresis. Thermostats[edit] Simple (single mode) thermostats exhibit hysteresis. A thermostat which sets a single temperature and automatically controls both heating and cooling systems without a mode change exhibits a deadband range around the target temperature. Alarms[edit] A smoke detector is also an example of hysteresis, not deadband. References[edit] Johnson, Curtis D. See also[edit] Schmitt trigger
Understanding SAR ADCs: Their Architecture and Comparison with Other ADCs
Abstract: Successive-approximation-register (SAR) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) represent the majority of the ADC market for medium- to high-resolution ADCs. SAR ADCs provide up to 5Msps sampling rates with resolutions from 8 to 18 bits. The SAR architecture allows for high-performance, low-power ADCs to be packaged in small form factors for today's demanding applications. This paper will explain how the SAR ADC operates by using a binary search algorithm to converge on the input signal. It also explains the heart of the SAR ADC, the capacitive DAC, and the high-speed comparator. Finally, the article will contrast the SAR architecture with pipeline, flash, and sigma-delta ADCs. Introduction Successive-approximation-register (SAR) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are frequently the architecture of choice for medium-to-high-resolution applications with sample rates under 5 megasamples per second (Msps). SAR ADC Architecture Figure 1. Figure 2 shows an example of a 4-bit conversion.
Stiction
Stiction is the static friction that needs to be overcome to enable relative motion of stationary objects in contact.[1] The term is a portmanteau of the term "static friction",[2] perhaps also influenced by the verb "stick". Any solid objects pressing against each other (but not sliding) will require some threshold of force parallel to the surface of contact in order to overcome static cohesion. Stiction is a threshold, not a continuous force. In situations where two surfaces with areas below the micrometer range come into close proximity (as in an accelerometer), they may adhere together. At this scale, electrostatic and/or Van der Waals and hydrogen bonding forces become significant. Automobiles[edit] Stiction is also the same threshold at which a rolling object would begin to slide over a surface rather than rolling at the expected rate (and in the case of a wheel, in the expected direction). Examples[edit] Engineering[edit] Surface micromachining[edit] Johansson Gauge Blocks[edit]
