Humanismus Humanismus ist eine seit dem 19. Jahrhundert gebräuchliche Bezeichnung für verschiedene, teils gegensätzliche geistige Strömungen in diversen historischen Ausformungen, unter denen der Renaissance-Humanismus begriffsbildend herausragt. Gemeinsam ist ihnen eine optimistische Einschätzung der Fähigkeit der Menschheit, zu einer besseren Existenzform zu finden. Es wird ein Gesellschafts- und insbesondere Bildungsideal entworfen, dessen Verwirklichung jedem die bestmögliche Persönlichkeitsentfaltung ermöglichen soll. Damit verbindet sich Kritik an bestehenden Verhältnissen, die aus humanistischer Sicht diesem Ziel entgegenstehen. Hinsichtlich der konkreten Inhalte bestehen zwischen den einzelnen Humanismuskonzepten große Unterschiede, die sich aus der Verschiedenheit der anthropologischen Grundannahmen ergeben. Der Humanismus der Renaissance war eine breite Bildungsbewegung, die auf antike oder als antik angesehene Vorstellungen zurückgriff. Breites Spektrum neuerer Lesarten[Bearbeiten]
Scholasticism Predominant method of critical thought in academic pedagogy of medieval European universities, circa 1100–1700 14th-century image of a university lecture Scholasticism was a medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical method of philosophical analysis presupposed upon a Latin Catholic theistic paradigm which dominated teaching in the medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to 1700. It originated within the Christian monastic schools that were the basis of the earliest European universities.[1] The rise of scholasticism was closely associated with these schools that flourished in Italy, France, Spain and England.[2] Scholasticism is not so much a philosophy or a theology as a method of learning, as it places a strong emphasis on dialectical reasoning to extend knowledge by inference and to resolve contradictions. Etymology[edit] History[edit] Early Scholasticism[edit] High Scholasticism[edit] Spanish Scholasticism[edit] Late Scholasticism[edit] Lutheran Scholasticism[edit]
Civic Humanism First published Tue Oct 1, 2002; substantive revision Tue Dec 13, 2011 A variant of republicanism indicating active, participatory, patriotic citizenship as well as the ethos and educational ideal that goes with it. The term was coined in the context of the embattled Weimar Republic and its genesis is deeply marked by the traditions of German historical scholarship. It was first used by the historian Hans Baron to describe an upsurge of patriotic republicanism as a response to foreign aggression and despotism, informed by the revival of classical models in Renaissance Florence. This movement is also taken as a decisive turning point away from medieval ways and towards liberating modernity. The term civic humanism has gained wide circulation and influence since its reception into English-language historical writing. In terms of sober historical scholarship the greatest value of the concept has been that of a heuristic device leading to important corrections of received ideas. 1. 2. 3. 4.
John VIII Palaiologos John VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek: Ἰωάννης Παλαιολόγος, translit. Iōannēs Palaiologos; 18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448) was the penultimate reigning Byzantine Emperor, ruling from 1425 to 1448. Life[edit] John VIII Palaiologos was the eldest son of Manuel II Palaiologos and Helena Dragaš, the daughter of the Serbian prince Constantine Dragaš. John VIII Palaiologos named his brother Constantine XI, who had served as regent in Constantinople in 1437–1439, as his successor. John VIII died at Constantinople in 1448, becoming the last reigning Byzantine emperor to die of natural causes. Marriages[edit] John VIII Palaiologos was married three times.[1] His first marriage was in 1414 to Anna of Moscow, daughter of Grand Prince Basil I of Moscow (1389–1425) and Sophia of Lithuania. His third marriage, arranged by the future cardinal, Bessarion, was to Maria of Trebizond in 1427. Representation in art[edit] Gallery[edit] Ancestry[edit] See also[edit] List of Byzantine emperors
Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer Leben[Bearbeiten] Der in Württemberg in einer Pfarrersfamilie geborene Niethammer trat 1780 in die Klosterschule in Denkendorf ein, wechselte 1782 in die höhere Klosterschule nach Maulbronn und wurde 1784 Stipendiat im Tübinger Stift, wo er Friedrich Hölderlin, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel und Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling kennenlernte. 1790 kam er nach Jena, wo er bei Carl Leonhard Reinhold die Philosophie Kants studierte und sich mit Franz Paul von Herbert aus Klagenfurt anfreundete, mit dem er bis zu dessen Tod befreundet blieb und in dessen Bleiweißfabrik er 1793/94 arbeitete. Beide waren auch mit dem Reinhold-Schüler Johann Benjamin Erhard befreundet, der 1795 das Buch Über das Recht des Volkes zu einer Revolution veröffentlichte. 1795 widmete er Herbert die Schrift Über Religion als Wissenschaft zur Bestimmung des Inhalts der Religionen und der Behandlungsart ihrer Urkunden. Literatur[Bearbeiten] Weblinks[Bearbeiten] Belege[Bearbeiten]
Anna of Moscow Anna Vasilievna of Moscow (1393 – August 1417) was a Byzantine Empress consort by marriage to John VIII Palaiologos. She died while her husband was still the junior co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Family[edit] She was a daughter of Vasily I of Moscow and Sophia of Lithuania. Her maternal grandparents were Vytautas the Great and his first wife, Anna. Marriage[edit] She married John VIII in 1414. Ancestry[edit] External links[edit] Cawley, Charles, Her listing, along with her husband, ., Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy 02mytwi01: The Ancients &/t Moderns |... New World History of the New World "Historia antipodum oder newe Welt". Matthäus Merian, 1631. The New World is one of the names used for the majority of Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas (including nearby islands such as those of the Caribbean and Bermuda). The term originated in the early 16th century after Europeans made landfall in what would later be called the Americas in the age of discovery, expanding the geographical horizon of classical geographers, who had thought of the world as consisting of Africa, Europe, and Asia, collectively now referred to as the Old World (a.k.a. The phrase gained prominence after the publication of a pamphlet titled Mundus Novus attributed to Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci.[1] The Americas were also referred to as the "fourth part of the world".[2] Usage[edit] The terms "Old World" vs. The term "New World" is used in a biological context, when one speaks of Old World (Palearctic, Afrotropic) and New World species (Nearctic, Neotropic).
The boffins and the luvvies Eric Schmidt, the executive chairman of Google, generated headlines in the United Kingdom recently for what one major paper there called his “devastating critique” of the English education system. His remarks came in the course of delivering the prestigious MacTaggart lecture at the Edinburgh International Television Festival. While he aimed for the most part at reassuring the high-level executives in his audience that they have nothing to fear from the coming merger of the Internet with TV, Schmidt also made a point of chastising British schools for inadequately promoting technological literacy. English scientists have invented three of the most powerful technologies the world has ever seen, Schmidt said — photography, television, and computers — yet England has failed to maintain global leadership in any of those fields. A principal reason for that failure, he said, has been “a drift to the humanities” in the curricula of British schools. Related:
Sophia of Montferrat Sophia of Montferrat (or Sophia Palaiologina; died 21 August 1434) was a Byzantine Empress consort by marriage to John VIII Palaiologos. Life[edit] Sophia was a daughter of Theodore II Palaiologos, Marquess of Montferrat, and his second wife, Joanna of Bar. Through her father, Sophia was a relative of the reigning Byzantine Palaiologi dynasty. On 26 January 1404, Sophia was betrothed to Filippo Maria Visconti. Manuel had sent Nicholas Eudaimonoioannes as ambassador to the Council of Constance while seeking Papal permission for the marriage, as the issue was the conversion of the Roman Catholic bride to the Eastern Orthodox Church. On 21 July 1425, Manuel II died and John VIII succeeded him. Ancestry[edit] [edit] Jump up ^ Sphrantzes, ch. 6; translated in Marios Philippides, The Fall of the Byzantine Empire: A Chronicle by George Sphrantzes, 1401-1477 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 1980), p. 24Jump up ^ Michael Doukas, Historia Bizantina, chap. Sources[edit] External links[edit]
The boffins and the luvvies Eric Schmidt, the executive chairman of Google, generated headlines in the United Kingdom recently for what one major paper there called his "devastating critique" of the English education system. His remarks came in the course of delivering the prestigious MacTaggart lecture at the Edinburgh International Television Festival. While he aimed for the most part at reassuring the high-level executives in his audience that they have nothing to fear from the coming merger of the Internet with TV, Schmidt also made a point of chastising British schools for inadequately promoting technological literacy. English scientists have invented three of the most powerful technologies the world has ever seen, Schmidt said — photography, television, and computers — yet England has failed to maintain global leadership in any of those fields. Despite the success of the scientific method, the ancient philosophers remained the mainstays of traditional pedagogy during the ensuing two centuries. Related:
Maria of Trebizond Maria Megale Komnene (Greek: Μαρία Μεγάλη Κομνηνή; died 17 December 1439), known as Maria of Trebizond (Greek: Μαρία της Τραπεζούντας), was a Byzantine Empress consort by marriage to the Byzantine emperor John VIII Palaiologos (r. 1425–1448).[1] She was the last empress consort of the Byzantine Empire. She was one of three daughters of Alexios IV of Trebizond and Theodora Kantakouzene. Life[edit] Bertrandon de la Brocquière, who saw her in Constantinople in 1432, likewise praised her beauty, stating, "I should not have had a fault to find with her had she not been painted, and assuredly she had not any need of it."[5] The Spanish traveller Pero Tafur met Maria November 1437 when he visited Constantinople, and gives us a glimpse into her daily life. Maria's marriage with John lasted twelve years but resulted in no children. After Maria's death John never remarried and died childless on 31 October 1448. Primary sources[edit] References[edit] External links[edit]