Ceasg. Fraxinus. European Ash in flower Narrow-leafed Ash (Fraxinus angustifolia) shoot with leaves Selected species[edit] Eastern North America Western and southwestern North America Fraxinus anomala Torr. ex S.Watson – Singleleaf AshFraxinus berlandieriana DC. – Mexican AshFraxinus cuspidata Torr. – Fragrant AshFraxinus dipetala Hook. & Arn. – California Ash or Two-petal AshFraxinus dubiaFraxinus gooddingii – Goodding's AshFraxinus greggii A.Gray – Gregg's AshFraxinus latifolia Benth. – Oregon AshFraxinus lowellii – Lowell AshFraxinus papillosa Lingelsh. – Chihuahua AshFraxinus purpusiiFraxinus rufescensFraxinus texensis (A.Gray) Sarg. – Texas AshFraxinus uhdei (Wenz.)
Western Palearctic (Europe, north Africa and southwest Asia) Eastern Palearctic (central and east Asia) Closeup of European Ash seedsUnusual "treelets" growing from a fallen ash tree in Lawthorn wood, Ayrshire, Scotland Ecology[edit] Threats[edit] Canker on an Ash tree in North Ayrshire, Scotland Emerald ash borer Uses[edit] Cultural aspects[edit] Brian (mythology) In Goidelic mythology, and especially in Scotland, Brian was a pompous man who helped Cailleach rescue Deò-ghrèine. He was a son of Tuireann, and brother to Iuchar and Iucharba (these have many variant spellings).
"Brian Seizes the Pig-Skin", illustration by J.H. Bacon, c.1905. In Irish mythology, the sons of Tuireann and Danand murdered Cian, the father of Lugh, one of the greatest of the Tuatha Dé Danann. They also dismembered his body and tried to cover up their crime. In recompense, Lugh made them quest all around the known world as far as Persia fetching magical weapons, which Lugh planned to use at the Second Battle of Magh Tuiredh. In at least one version of this tale, Brian is actually the clever and subtle one, while his brothers Iuchar and Iucharba are bumbling and easily overawed by Brian.
Brian is one of the main characters in As Baile: A Story, a 2012 novel retelling the tale of the Sons of Tuireann. Jump up ^ "The Children of Tuireann". Wulfing. The Wulfing navy on the move, an illustration from the poems on the Wulfing Helgi Hundingsbane The Wulfings, Wylfings or Ylfings[Note 1] (the name means the "wolf clan") was a powerful clan in Beowulf, Widsith and in the Norse sagas. While the poet of Beowulf does not locate the Wulfings geographically, Scandinavian sources define the Ylfings (the Old Norse form of the name) as the ruling clan of the Eastern Geats.[1] In Old Norse sources, the clan figure prominently in the Heimskringla and in Sögubrot, where Hjörvard and his son Hjörmund belong to it.
It is also mentioned in the Lay of Hyndla and in Skáldskaparmál where Eiríkr the Wise was one of its members. However, its most famous member was Helgi Hundingsbane who had two poems of his own (Helgakviða Hundingsbana I and Helgakviða Hundingsbana II), in the Poetic Edda, and whose story is also retold in the Völsunga saga. Location[edit] According to the Norse sagas, the Wulfings ruled the Geatish petty kingdom of Östergötland. [edit] Odin. Major god in Norse mythology Odin (;[1] from Old Norse: Óðinn, IPA: [ˈoːðinː]) is a widely revered god in Germanic mythology. In Norse mythology, from which stems most surviving information about the god, Odin is associated with wisdom, healing, death, royalty, the gallows, knowledge, war, battle, victory, sorcery, poetry, frenzy, and the runic alphabet, and is the husband of the goddess Frigg. In wider Germanic mythology and paganism, the god was known in Old English as Wōden, in Old Saxon as Wōdan, and in Old High German as Wuotan.
Odin is a prominently mentioned god throughout the recorded history of the Germanic peoples, from the Roman occupation of regions of Germania through the tribal expansions of the Migration Period and the Viking Age. In Old English texts, Odin holds a particular place as a euhemerized ancestral figure among royalty, and he is frequently referred to as a founding figure among various other Germanic peoples, such as the Langobards. Attestations[edit] 36. Viking Age. The Viking Age is the period from 793 to 1066 in European history, especially Northern European and Scandinavian history, following the Germanic Iron Age. It is the period of history when Scandinavian Norsemen explored Europe by its seas and rivers for trade, raids and conquest. In this period, the Vikings also settled in Norse Greenland and Newfoundland, and present-day Faroe Islands, Iceland, Normandy, Scotland, Ireland, Russia and Anatolia.[2] Historical considerations[edit] In England, the Viking Age began on 8 June 793[3] when Vikings destroyed the abbey on Lindisfarne, a centre of learning that was famous across the continent.
Monks were killed in the abbey, thrown into the sea to drown, or carried away as slaves along with the church treasures. Vikings were portrayed as uniformly violent and bloodthirsty. The chronicles of medieval England portrayed them as rapacious "wolves among sheep". The first challenges to the many anti-Viking images in Britain emerged in the 17th century. Harald Fairhair.
Harald Fairhair (Old Norse: Haraldr hárfagri, Norwegian: Harald Hårfagre; c. 850 – c. 932) was remembered by medieval historians as the first King of Norway. According to traditions current in Norway and Iceland in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, he reigned from c. 872 to 930. Most of his life remains uncertain, since the extant accounts of his life in the sagas were set down in writing around three centuries after his lifetime.
A few remnants of skaldic praise poems attributed to contemporary court poets exist which seem to refer to Haraldr's victories against opponents in Norway. The information supplies in these poems is inconsistent with the tales in the sagas in which they are transmitted, and the sagas themselves often disagree on the details of his background and biography.[1] Two of his sons, Eric Bloodaxe and Haakon the Good, succeeded Harald to become kings after his death. Background[edit] His life is described in several of the Kings' sagas. Saga descriptions[edit] Werewolf witch trials. The Werewolf witch trials were witch trials combined with werewolf trials. Belief in werewolves developed parallel to the belief in witches, in the course of the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period.
Like the witchcraft trials as a whole, the trial of supposed werewolves emerges in what is now Switzerland (especially the Valais and Vaud) in the early 15th century and spreads throughout Europe in the 16th, peaking in the 17th and subsiding by the 18th century. The persecution of werewolves and the associated folklore is an integral part of the "witch-hunt" phenomenon, albeit a marginal one, accusations of werewolfery being involved in only a small fraction of witchcraft trials.[1] Estonia[edit] In Estonia, accusations of magic, which were often about enchanted potions, were rare, while the belief in magic was common. Thiess[edit] The werewolf was not always regarded as evil in the Baltic. Hans the Werewolf[edit] See also[edit] References and sources[edit] References Sources Elmar M.
Hundings. The Hundings (Old English Hundingas, the "hound-clan") are a legendary tribe or clan in early Germanic sources, mostly mentioned due to their feud with the Wulfings (the "wolf-clan"). In the Poetic Edda, Hunding is a king of the Saxons, slain by Helgi Hundingsbane. The Gesta Danorum mentions a Danish king Helgo who slew Hundingus, king of Saxony, in single combat.[1] The historical core of the story is likely a conflict between the Eastern Geats (the wolf-clan) and the Lombards (the hound-clan).[2] Hunding itself is a patronymic translating to "son of a hound", while the Hundings as a clan (sibb) would be the descendants of Hunding. Being named a "hound" or "dog" was by no means an insult in pre-Christian Germanic culture, but that the animal was rather a symbol of the warrior,[3] while in Christian Germanic culture, it became associated with heathendom, "heathen hounds" being an appellation especially of the pagan Vikings (c.f.
Ulfhednar).[4] See also[edit] References[edit] Michigan Dogman. The Michigan Dogman is a cryptozoological creature first reported in 1887 in Wexford County, Michigan. Sightings have been reported in several locations throughout Michigan, primarily in the northwestern quadrant of the Lower Peninsula. In 1987, the legend of the Michigan Dogman gained popularity when a disc jockey at WTCM-FM recorded a song about the creature and its reported sightings. History[edit] In 1987, disc jockey Steve Cook at WTCM-FM in Traverse City, Michigan recorded a song titled "The Legend", which he initially played as an April Fool's Day joke. Cook recorded the song with a keyboard backing and credited it to Bob Farley.[2] After he played the song, Cook received calls from listeners who said that they had encountered a similar creature. Cook later added verses to the song in 1997 after hearing a report of an animal break-in by an unknown canine at a cabin in Luther, Michigan.[5][6] He re-recorded it again in 2007, with a mandolin backing.
Sightings[edit] Linda S. Soul. Linguistic aspects[edit] Etymology[edit] The Modern English word soul derived from Old English sáwol, sáwel, first attested to in the 8th century poem Beowulf v. 2820 and in the Vespasian Psalter 77.50, and is cognate with other Germanic and Baltic terms for the same idea, including Gothic saiwala, Old High German sêula, sêla, Old Saxon sêola, Old Low Franconian sêla, sîla, Old Norse sála as well as Lithuanian siela. Further etymology of the Germanic word is uncertain. A more recent suggestion[6] connects it with a root for "binding", Germanic *sailian (OE sēlian, OHG seilen), related to the notion of being "bound" in death, and the practice of ritually binding or restraining the corpse of the deceased in the grave to prevent his or her return as a ghost. — καὶ μὴ φοβεῖσθε ἀπὸ τῶν ἀποκτεννόντων τὸ σῶμα, τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν μὴ δυναμένων ἀποκτεῖναι· φοβεῖσθε δὲ μᾶλλον τὸν δυνάμενον καὶ ψυχὴν καὶ σῶμα ἀπολέσαι ἐν γεέννῃ. — וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֔ים יִשְׁרְצ֣וּ הַמַּ֔יִם שֶׁ֖רֶץ נֶ֣פֶשׁ חַיָּ֑ה Francis M.
Birch. Birch is a broadleaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus Betula (/ˈbɛtjʊlə/),[1] in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams, and is closely related to the beech/oak family, Fagaceae. The genus Betula contains 30 to 60 known taxa of which 11 are on the IUCN 2011 Red List of Threatened Species. They are typically rather short-lived pioneer species widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in northern temperate and boreal climates. This tree is sometimes called "The Watchful Tree" because of eye-like impressions on the bark. Etymology[edit] The common name birch comes from Old English birce, bierce, from Proto-Germanic *berk-jōn (cf. The generic name betula is from Latin, which is a diminutive borrowed from Gaulish betua (cf. Description[edit] The front and rear sides of a piece of birch bark The buds form early and are full grown by midsummer, all are lateral, no terminal bud is formed; the branch is prolonged by the upper lateral bud.
Uses[edit] Domhnall Dubh. Domhnall Dubh (died 1545) was a Scottish nobleman. He was the son of Aonghas Óg, chief of Clan Donald (Clann Domhnaill), and claimant to the Lordship of the Isles, which had been held by his grandfather John of Islay, Earl of Ross (Eoin MacDomhnaill). While just an infant, Domhnall Dubh was captured by Cailean I, Earl of Argyll.and imprisoned in Innischonnel Castle in Loch Awe. He remained in captivity for most of his life. He died at Drogheda, Ireland, in 1545. Early life[edit] Domhnall Dubh's was born in the late 15th century in the Western isles of Scotland, the son of Aonghas Óg, chief of Clan Donald, and the grandson of John of Islay, Earl of Ross, and Lord of the Isles. In 1476 John of Islay was stripped by the Scottish crown of many of his lands and titles, retaining the title Lord of the Isles, but only at the pleasure of the Crown. Escape from captivity[edit] He remained in captivity for 37 years until he was released in 1543.
References[edit] MacDougall, Norman, "Achilles' Heel? Psychosis. Psychosis (from the Greek ψυχή psyche, "mind/soul", and -ωσις -osis, "abnormal condition or derangement") refers to an abnormal condition of the mind, and is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state often described as involving a "loss of contact with reality". People suffering from psychosis are described as psychotic. Psychosis (as a sign of a psychiatric disorder) is a diagnosis of exclusion. Signs and symptoms[edit] People with psychosis may have one or more of the following: hallucinations, delusions, catatonia, or a thought disorder, as described below. Impairments in social cognition also occur.[3][4] Hallucinations[edit] A hallucination is defined as sensory perception in the absence of external stimuli. Delusions[edit] Psychosis may involve delusional beliefs, some of which are paranoid in nature.
Catatonia[edit] Catatonia describes a profoundly agitated state in which the experience of reality is generally considered impaired. Thought disorders[edit] Psychiatric disorder[edit] Rabies. Rabies (/ˈreɪbiːz/; from Latin: rabies, "madness") is a viral disease that causes acute inflammation of the brain in humans and other warm-blooded animals.[1] The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months; however it can vary from less than one week to more than one year.[1] The time is dependent on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system.[2] Early symptoms may include fever and tingling at the site of exposure.[1] This is then followed by either violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, and fear of water or an inability to move parts of the body and confusion followed by loss of consciousness.[1] In both cases once symptoms appear it nearly always results in death.[1] Signs and symptoms[edit] Person with rabies, 1959 The period between infection and the first flu-like symptoms is typically 2 to 12 weeks.
Death almost invariably results 2 to 10 days after first symptoms. Hydrophobia[edit] Wolf attacks on humans. Although wolf attacks on humans do occur, their frequency varies with geographical location and historical period. Wolf attacks are dangerous not only for the victims, but also the attackers, who are often subsequently killed, or even extirpated in reaction. As a result, wolves today tend to live mostly far from people or have developed the tendency and ability to avoid them. The country with the most extensive historical records is France, where nearly 7,600 fatal attacks were documented in from 1200–1920.[1] In modern times, they occur most often in India and neighboring countries.
There are few historical records or modern cases of wolf attacks in North America. In the half-century up to 2002, there were eight fatal attacks in Europe and Russia, none in North America, and more than 200 in south Asia.[2] Experts categorize wolf attacks into various types, including rabies-infected, predatory, agonistic, and defensive. Wolves and wolf-human interactions[edit] Rabid[edit] Non-rabid[edit] Gibside. Untouchables (law enforcement) Lizzie Borden. South Slavs. Oak. Zeus. Werecat. Peter Stumpp. Lord of the Isles. Thomas Lyon-Bowes, 12th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. Glamis Castle. Claude Bowes-Lyon, 13th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne.
Pixie. Yggdrasil. Picts. Norse mythology. Giant (mythology) Nuckelavee. Meliae. Aconitum. Therianthropy. Lilian Bowes Lyon. Caoineag. Wirry-cow. Cirein-cròin. Baleen whale. Dunnie. Gigelorum. Changeling. Deò-ghrèine. Clan Mackintosh. Banshee. Pearlin Jean. Glaistig. Goídel Glas. Loch Ness Monster. Pictish Beast. Baron Bowes. Hebridean mythology and folklore. Cirein-cròin. Boobrie. Wirry-cow. Elm. Ericaceae. Uathach. The Goodman's Croft. Buxus sempervirens. Bearberry. Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Monster of Glamis. Dantalion. Demonology. Queen Victoria. Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany. Charlotte Lyon-Bowes, Lady Glamis. Dowager. Moirai. Camus (folklore) Camus (folklore) Pech (mythology) Bauchan. Magic (paranormal) Killer whale. Seonaidh. Shellycoat. Selkie.
Rose. Crom Dubh. Beowulf. Poetic Edda.