Risk

Decision making Sample flowchart representing the decision process to add a new article to Wikipedia. Decision-making can be regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several alternative possibilities. Every decision-making process produces a final choice that may or may not prompt action. Decision-making is the study of identifying and choosing alternatives based on the values and preferences of the decision maker. Decision-making is one of the central activities of management and is a huge part of any process of implementation. Overview[edit] Edit human performance with regard to decisions has been the subject of active research from several perspectives: Decision-making can also be regarded as a problem-solving activity terminated by a solution deemed to be satisfactory. Some have argued that most decisions are made unconsciously. In regards to management and decision-making, each level of management is responsible for different things.

Corporate governance There has been renewed interest in the corporate governance practices of modern corporations, particularly in relation to accountability, since the high-profile collapses of a number of large corporations during 2001–2002, most of which involved accounting fraud. Corporate scandals of various forms have maintained public and political interest in the regulation of corporate governance. In the U.S., these include Enron Corporation and MCI Inc. (formerly WorldCom). Their demise is associated with the U.S. federal government passing the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002, intending to restore public confidence in corporate governance. Comparable failures in Australia (HIH, One.Tel) are associated with the eventual passage of the CLERP 9 reforms. Other definitions[edit] Economic analysis has resulted in a literature on the subject.[11] One source defines corporate governance as "the set of conditions that shapes the ex post bargaining over the quasi-rents generated by a firm Continental Europe[edit]

Trust From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Trust may refer to: Business and legal[edit] Music[edit] Bands[edit] Albums[edit] Songs[edit] Fiction[edit] Other uses[edit] See also[edit] Intuition (philosophy) Intuition is a priori knowledge or experiential belief characterized by its immediacy. Beyond this, the nature of intuition is debated. Roughly speaking, there are two main views. They are: Intuitions are a priori. In the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, intuition is thought of as basic sensory information provided by the cognitive faculty of sensibility (equivalent to what might loosely be called perception). In contemporary analytic philosophy, appeals to our intuitions are an important method for testing claims. The metaphilosophical assumption that philosophy depends on intuitions has recently been challenged by some philosophers. Jump up ^ Immanuel Kant (1787) "Critique of Pure Reason", p35 et seq.

Risk management Risk management is the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks (defined in ISO 31000 as the effect of uncertainty on objectives) followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events[1] or to maximize the realization of opportunities. The strategies to manage threats (uncertainties with negative consequences) typically include transferring the threat to another party, avoiding the threat, reducing the negative effect or probability of the threat, or even accepting some or all of the potential or actual consequences of a particular threat, and the opposites for opportunities (uncertain future states with benefits). Introduction[edit] A widely used vocabulary for risk management is defined by ISO Guide 73, "Risk management. Vocabulary Risk management also faces difficulties in allocating resources. Method[edit] Principles of risk management[edit] Risk management should: Process[edit]

Confidentiality Confidentiality is a set of rules or a promise that limits access or places restrictions on certain types of information. Legal confidentiality[edit] Lawyers are often required by law to keep confidential anything pertaining to the representation of a client. Both the privilege and the duty serve the purpose of encouraging clients to speak frankly about their cases. However, most jurisdictions have exceptions for situations where the lawyer has reason to believe that the client may kill or seriously injure someone, may cause substantial injury to the financial interest or property of another, or is using (or seeking to use) the lawyer's services to perpetrate a crime or fraud. In such situations the lawyer has the discretion, but not the obligation, to disclose information designed to prevent the planned action. A few jurisdictions have made this traditionally discretionary duty mandatory. History of the English law about confidentiality[edit] Medical confidentiality[edit] See also[edit]

Awareness Concept[edit] Awareness is a relative concept. An animal may be partially aware, may be subconsciously aware, or may be acutely unaware of an event. Awareness may be focused on an internal state, such as a visceral feeling, or on external events by way of sensory perception. Awareness provides the raw material from which animals develop qualia, or subjective ideas about their experience. Insects have awareness that you are trying to swat them or chase after them. Self-awareness[edit] Main article: Self-awareness Popular ideas about consciousness suggest the phenomenon describes a condition of being aware of one's awareness or, self-awareness.[2] Efforts to describe consciousness in neurological terms have focused on describing networks in the brain that develop awareness of the qualia developed by other networks.[3] Neuroscience[edit] Basic awareness[edit] Basic awareness of one's internal and external world depends on the brain stem. Basic interests[edit] Changes in awareness[edit]

ISO 31000 ISO 31000 is a family of standards relating to risk management codified by the International Organization for Standardization. The purpose of ISO 31000:2009 is to provide principles and generic guidelines on risk management. ISO 31000 seeks to provide a universally recognised paradigm for practitioners and companies employing risk management processes to replace the myriad of existing standards, methodologies and paradigms that differed between industries, subject matters and regions. Currently, the ISO 31000 family is expected to include: ISO 31000:2009 - Principles and Guidelines on Implementation[1]ISO/IEC 31010:2009 - Risk Management - Risk Assessment TechniquesISO Guide 73:2009 - Risk Management - Vocabulary ISO also designed its ISO 21500 Guidance on Project Management standard to align with ISO 31000:2009.[2] Introduction[edit] ISO 31000 was published as a standard on the 13th of November 2009, and provides a standard on the implementation of risk management. Scope[edit]

Estoppel This term appears to come from the Old French estoupail (or variation), which meant "stopper plug", referring to placing a halt on the imbalance of the situation. The term is related to the verb "estop", which comes from the Old French term estopper, meaning "to stop up, to impede". Overview[edit] Estoppel is essentially a rule of evidence[2] whereby a person is barred from denying the truth of a fact that has already been settled. Because estoppel is so factually dependent, it is perhaps best understood by considering specific examples such as the following: Example 1: A city entered into a contract with another party. Estoppel is closely related to the doctrines of waiver, variation, and election and is applied in many areas of law, including insurance, banking, employment, contracts, etc. Promissory estoppel is often applied where there is an agreement without a consideration, or the consideration is future based (as a promise). Major types[edit] Reliance-based estoppels[edit] J.