◥ University. {q} PhD. {tr} Training. Ethics. The three major areas of study within ethics are:[1] Meta-ethics, concerning the theoretical meaning and reference of moral propositions, and how their truth values (if any) can be determinedNormative ethics, concerning the practical means of determining a moral course of actionApplied ethics, concerning what a person is obligated (or permitted) to do in a specific situation or a particular domain of action[1] Defining ethics[edit] The word "ethics" in English refers to several things.[6] It can refer to philosophical ethics—a project that attempts to use reason in order to answer various kinds of ethical questions.
[citation needed] It can also be used to describe a particular person's own, idiosyncratic principles or habits.[7] For example: "Joe has good ethics. " [edit] Main article: Meta-ethics Meta-ethics has always accompanied philosophical ethics. The ontology of ethics is about value-bearing things or properties, i.e. the kind of things or stuff referred to by ethical propositions. Ethicist. An ethicist is one whose judgment on ethics and ethical codes has come to be trusted by a specific community, and (importantly) is expressed in some way that makes it possible for others to mimic or approximate that judgement.
Following the advice of ethicists is one means of acquiring knowledge (see argument , argument from authority).[1][2] The term jurist describes an ethicist whose judgment on law becomes part of a legal code, or otherwise has force of law. This may be due to formal (de jure) state sanction. Some jurists have less formal (de facto) backing by an ethical community, e.g. a religious community. In Islamic Law, for instance, such a community following (taqlid) a specific jurisprudence (fiqh) of shariah mimics judgment of a prior jurist.[3] Catholic Canon Law has a similar structure. Outside the legal professions and spiritual traditions, ethicists are usually considered to be either philosophers or mediators of disputes. Other meanings[edit] Notes[edit] Research ethics. The academic research enterprise is built on a foundation of trust.
Researchers trust that the results reported by others are sound. Society trusts that the results of research reflect an honest attempt by scientists and other researchers to describe the world accurately and without bias. But this trust will endure only if the scientific community devotes itself to exemplifying and transmitting the values associated with ethical research conduct.[1] There are many ethical issues to be taken into serious consideration for research. Sociologists need to be aware of having the responsibility to secure the actual permission and interests of all those involved in the study.
They should not misuse any of the information discovered, and there should be a certain moral responsibility maintained towards the participants. Research ethics in a medical context is dominated by principlism, an approach that has been criticised as being decontextualised.[2] Key issues[edit] Honesty. See also[edit] Ethics committee (disambiguation) Ethics. ☠️ R' Council. {UU} Ethics. Research Ethics and Governance Forms & Information. Research Ethics and Governance. Hippocratic Oath. Perhaps the most enduring - certainly the most quoted - tradition in the history of medicine is the Hippocratic Oath.
Named after the famous Greek physician Hippocrates, this oath was written as a guideline for the medical ethics of doctors. Although the exact words have changed over time, the general content is the same - an oath to respect those who have imparted their knowledge upon the science of medicine, and respect to the patients as well as the promise to treat them to the best of the physicians' ability. Who was Hippocrates, and Did he Write the Oath? For a man considered by many to be the 'Father of Medicine', little is known about Hippocrates of Cos.
He lived circa 460-380 BC, and was the contemporary of Socrates as well as a practising physician. Perhaps the reasoning of Galen will shed some light on the matter. The Original Version I will pay the same respect to my master in the Science as to my parents and share my life with him and pay all my debts to him. Bibliography.
Hippocratic Oath. A 12th-century Byzantine manuscript of the Oath The Hippocratic Oath is an oath historically taken by physicians and other healthcare professionals swearing to practice medicine honestly. It is widely believed to have been written by Hippocrates, often regarded as the father of western medicine, or by one of his students.[1] The oath is written in Ionic Greek (late 5th century BC),[2] and is usually included in the Hippocratic Corpus. Classical scholar Ludwig Edelstein proposed that the oath was written by Pythagoreans, a theory that has been questioned because of the lack of evidence for a school of Pythagorean medicine.[3] Of historic and traditional value, the oath is considered a rite of passage for practitioners of medicine in many countries, although nowadays the modernized version of the text varies among them.
The Hippocratic Oath (horkos) is one of the most widely known of Greek medical texts. Original[edit] This is the original version of the Oath:[4] English translation[edit] Nuremberg Code. Nuremberg Code. The Nuremberg Code is a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation set as a result of the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials at the end of the Second World War.
Background[edit] In May of the same year, Dr. Leo Alexander had submitted to the Counsel for War Crimes six points defining legitimate medical research. The trial verdict adopted these points and added an extra four. The ten points of the Nuremberg Code[edit] The 10 points are, (all from United States National Institutes of Health).[7] The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. Reprinted from Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, Vol. 2, pp. 181–182. See also[edit] References[edit] Further reading[edit] Weindling, Paul: Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials (Palgrave, Basingstoke 2004)Schmidt, Ulf: Justice at Nuremberg. External links[edit] Nuremberg Code. Liability. A liability can mean something that is a hindrance or puts an individual or group at a disadvantage, or something that someone is responsible for, or something that increases the chance of something occurring (i.e. it is a cause).
Liability may also refer in specific fields to: Legal liability, the legal bound obligation to pay debtsPublic liability, part of the law of tort which focuses on civil wrongs Finance[edit] Other uses=[edit] The Liability, 2013 film. Insurance. According to study texts of The Chartered Insurance Institute, there are the following categories of risk:[1] Financial risks which means that the risk must have financial measurement.Pure risks which means that the risk must be real and not related to gamblingParticular risks which means that these risks are not widespread in their effect, for example such as earthquake risk for the region prone to it. It is commonly accepted that only financial, pure and particular risks are insurable. An insurer, or insurance carrier, is a company selling the insurance; the insured, or policyholder, is the person or entity buying the insurance policy. The amount of money to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage is called the premium.
Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and practice. History[edit] Early methods[edit] Merchants have sought methods to minimize risks since early times. Modern insurance[edit] Principles[edit] Indemnity. An indemnity is a sum paid by A to B by way of compensation for a particular loss suffered by B. The indemnitor (A) may or may not be responsible for the loss suffered by the indemnitee (B). Forms of indemnity include cash payments, repairs, replacement, and reinstatement. General and legal meaning[edit] While the event may be specified by the contract, the actions that must be taken to compensate the injured party are largely unpredictable, and the maximum compensation is often expressly limited. Car insurance is an example of indemnification. It is in the breadth of the insurance carrier's obligations that we see the application of an indemnity; in other words, an indemnity is a "generalized promise of protection against a specific type of event by way of making the injured party whole again.
" An indemnity should also be differentiated from a guarantee. Commonwealth[edit] Indemnity clauses[edit] Contract award[edit] Insurance[edit] Freeing of slaves and indentured servants[edit] Negligence. Negligence (Lat. negligentia, from neglegere, to neglect, literally "not to pick up something") is a failure to exercise the care that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in like circumstances.[1] The area of tort law known as negligence involves harm caused by carelessness, not intentional harm. According to Jay M. Feinman of the Rutgers University School of Law; "The core idea of negligence is that people should exercise reasonable care when they act by taking account of the potential harm that they might foreseeably cause harm to other people. " [2] "those who go personally or bring property where they know that they or it may come into collision with the persons or property of others have by law a duty cast upon them to use reasonable care and skill to avoid such a collision.
" Fletcher v Rylands ([1866] LR 1 Ex 265) Elements of negligence claims[edit] Duty of care[edit] A decomposed snail in Scotland was the humble beginning of the modern English law of negligence In Bolton v. Inducement. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. inducement (ɪnˈdjuːsmənt) n 1. the act of inducing 2. a means of inducing; persuasion; incentive 3.
Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003 in•duce•ment (ɪnˈdus mənt, -ˈdyus-) n. 1. 2. 3. Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Thesaurus Legend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. inducement nounincentive, motive, cause, influence, reward, come-on (informal), spur, consideration, attraction, lure, bait, carrot (informal), encouragement, impulse, stimulus, incitement, clarion callThey offer every inducement to encourage investment. Translations inducement[ɪnˈdjuːsmənt]N inducement[ɪnˈdjuːsmənt]n.
Confidentiality. Confidentiality is a set of rules or a promise that limits access or places restrictions on certain types of information. Legal confidentiality[edit] Lawyers are often required by law to keep confidential anything pertaining to the representation of a client. The duty of confidentiality is much broader than the attorney–client evidentiary privilege, which only covers communications between the attorney and the client. Both the privilege and the duty serve the purpose of encouraging clients to speak frankly about their cases. However, most jurisdictions have exceptions for situations where the lawyer has reason to believe that the client may kill or seriously injure someone, may cause substantial injury to the financial interest or property of another, or is using (or seeking to use) the lawyer's services to perpetrate a crime or fraud.
In such situations the lawyer has the discretion, but not the obligation, to disclose information designed to prevent the planned action. See also[edit] Trust. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Trust may refer to: Business and legal[edit] Music[edit] Bands[edit] Albums[edit] Songs[edit] Fiction[edit] Other uses[edit] See also[edit] Risk. Risk is the potential of losing something of value, weighed against the potential to gain something of value. Values (such as physical health, social status, emotional well being or financial wealth) can be gained or lost when taking risk resulting from a given action, activity and/or inaction, foreseen or unforeseen. Risk can also be defined as the intentional interaction with uncertainty.
Risk perception is the subjective judgment people make about the severity of a risk, and may vary person to person. Any human endeavor carries some risk, but some are much riskier than others.[1] Definitions[edit] Firefighters at work Risk can be defined in a variety of ways. Basic definitions[edit] The probability of something happening multiplied by the resulting cost or benefit if it does.
International Organization for Standardization[edit] The ISO 31000 (2009) / ISO Guide 73:2002 definition of risk is the 'effect of uncertainty on objectives'. Other[edit] History[edit] Practice areas[edit] Health[edit] Estoppel. This term appears to come from the Old French estoupail (or variation), which meant "stopper plug", referring to placing a halt on the imbalance of the situation.
The term is related to the verb "estop", which comes from the Old French term estopper, meaning "to stop up, to impede". Overview[edit] Estoppel is essentially a rule of evidence[2] whereby a person is barred from denying the truth of a fact that has already been settled. Where a court finds that a party has done something warranting a form of estoppel, that party is said to be "estopped" from making certain related arguments or claiming certain related rights.
Because estoppel is so factually dependent, it is perhaps best understood by considering specific examples such as the following: Example 1: A city entered into a contract with another party. Estoppel is closely related to the doctrines of waiver, variation, and election and is applied in many areas of law, including insurance, banking, employment, contracts, etc. J. Disclosure and Barring Service. Codependency. Human subject research. Participation. Child. Gillick competence. Data Protection Act 1998. Pseudonymization.
Medicines Act 1968. Anonymisation. Deontological ethics. Consequentialism. Utilitarianism. Randomized controlled trial. Small studies: strengths and limitations. What is the difference between overt and covert research. Research Object. Disclosure. Declaration of Helsinki. Declaration of Helsinki. History of Research Ethics. Covert or deceptive research. Association of Research Ethics Committees. Centre of Research: Ethical Campaign. Imperial College Research Ethics Committee (ICREC) Ethical Guidelines for Researching Counselling and Psychotherapy. DARG Ethical Guidelines - Developing Area Research Group. Committee on Publication Ethics: COPE. Universal Ethical Code for Scientists. BioethicsWeb. Rigour Respect Responsibility.
Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Tuskegee syphilis experiment. Trolley problem. Alder Hey organs scandal. Thalidomide Crisis. Thalidomide UK. Association of business schools Ethics Guide. Guidelines for the ethical conduct of medical research involving children. Journal of Medical Ethics - BMJ Journals. Journal of Clinical Ethics. International Journal of Social Research Methodology. Ethics and Education. Ethics, Place & Environment. Ethics and Information Technology. Research governance framework for health and social care: second edition - Publications. Department of Health. NPSA - National Patient Safety Agency. Integrated Research Application System. National Evaluation of the children's fund: Summary of key learning points from NECF reports on participation, prevention and multi-agency working - Brief : The Department for Education.
The NHS R&D Forum Website. Resource Pack for Social Care April 2010. World Medical Association. European Medicines Agency. Good Clinical Practice Guidelines. HFEA. ICH GCP. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Medical Research Council. World Health Organization. NRES - National Research Ethics Service - facilitating ethical research.