From Pre History to Civilization From Pre History to Civilization The term pre-history refers to the period when written languages and records did not yet exist. How do we know about the pre-history period? Archeology-the study of the ways of life of early people by studying what they left behind (artifacts) Historians-study all evidence about the past, including archeology, written documents, pictures, films, etc. The stone age is divided into two parts. 1) Paleolithic (Old stone age) 2) Neolithic (New stone age) NOTE: Problems with the term “civilization” Historians and anthropologist have noted several problems with the term civilization. At its most basic element, civilization is based on the food supply. “Three meals a day area a highly advanced institution. People grubbed food from the earth with their bare hands, then used simple tools made from stones or animal bones. It was nature that finally taught man to save for tomorrow. This style of living is called Paleolithic. 1) limited population group 3) social equality
Norse mythology An undead völva, a Scandinavian seeress, tells the spear-wielding god Odin of what has been and what will be in Odin and the Völva by Lorenz Frølich (1895) For the practices and social institutions of the Norse pagans, see Norse paganism Norse mythology, or Scandinavian mythology, is the body of mythology of the North Germanic people stemming from Norse paganism and continuing after the Christianization of Scandinavia and into the Scandinavian folklore of the modern period. The northernmost extension of Germanic mythology, Norse mythology consists of tales of various deities, beings, and heroes derived from numerous sources from both before and after the pagan period, including medieval manuscripts, archaeological representations, and folk tradition. Most of the surviving mythology centers on the plights of the gods and their interaction with various other beings, such as humanity and the jötnar, beings who may be friends, lovers, foes and/or family members of the gods. Sources[edit]
Stone tool Stone has been used to make a wide variety of different tools throughout history, including arrow heads, spearpoints and querns. Stone tools may be made of either ground stone or chipped stone, and a person who creates tools out of the latter is known as a flintknapper. Chipped stone tools are made from cryptocrystalline materials such as chert or flint, radiolarite, chalcedony, obsidian, basalt, and quartzite via a process known as lithic reduction. One simple form of reduction is to strike stone flakes from a nucleus (core) of material using a hammerstone or similar hard hammer fabricator. If the goal of the reduction strategy is to produce flakes, the remnant lithic core may be discarded once it has become too small to use. Evolution[edit] Clark's scheme was adopted enthusiastically by the archaeological community. Pre-Mode I[edit] Kenya Ethiopia Mode I: The Oldowan Industry[edit] A typical Oldowan simple chopping-tool. Mode II: The Acheulean Industry[edit] Neolithic industries[edit]
List of timelines From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This is a list of timelines currently on Wikipedia. §Types[edit] §General timelines[edit] §History[edit] §Arts[edit] §Biographical timelines[edit] §Crime[edit] §Events[edit] §Disasters[edit] §Economics[edit] §Entertainment[edit] §Environmental issues[edit] §Fiction[edit] §Geographical timelines[edit] Timeline of country and capital changes §Ancient civilizations[edit] §Extant civilizations[edit] §Supranational entities and regions, peoples[edit] §Sovereign states[edit] §Subnational regions and cities, narrow timelines[edit] §Law[edit] §Military[edit] §Military conflicts[edit] §Philosophy[edit] §Politics[edit] §Religion[edit] §Ayyavazhi[edit] Timeline of Ayyavazhi history (1809–present) §Buddhism[edit] Timeline of Buddhism (563 BCE – present) §Christianity[edit] §Islam[edit] §Jainism[edit] Timeline of Jainism §Judaism[edit] §Sikhism[edit] Sikh Gurus (1469–1666) §Science[edit] §Astronautics and planetary science[edit] §Astronomy, Astrophysics, and Cosmology[edit] §Biology[edit] §Sports[edit]
Paleo-Africans in America Several types of blacks entered the Americas including the Anu or negrito type and the Proto-Saharan variety of blacks. Up until recently it was believed that the first humans crossed the Bering Strait 12,000 B.P., to enter the North American continent.(Begley 1991, p.15) This view was never accepted by physical anthropologists who have found skeletal remains far older than 12,000 B.P. The last ice age in North America lasted between 110,000 and 17,000BP. The first Americans did not cross the Bearing Straits to enter the Americas.The earliest sites for Negroes date between 20,000 and 40000 years ago Old Crow Basin Canada(38,000BC) Pedra Furada (45,000BC) Brazil. Chile: Monteverde (12,500 years), Tierra del Fuego, Cueva de Fell, Tres Arroyos and some other places. There are older ones in the Argentinian Patagonia. Today archaeologists have found sites from Canada to Chile that range between 20,000 and 40,000 years old. P.S. Here we have a comparison of ancient skulls found in the Americas.
Astronomy Magazine - Interactive Star Charts, Planets, Meteors, Comets, Telescopes Stone Age Ġgantija temples in Gozo, Malta. Some of the world's oldest free-standing structures. Stone Age artifacts include tools used by modern humans and by their predecessor species in the genus Homo, and possibly by the earlier partly contemporaneous genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus. The Stone Age is the first of the three-age system of archaeology, which divides human technological prehistory into three periods: Historical significance[edit] Modern Awash River, Ethiopia, descendant of the Palaeo-Awash, source of the sediments in which the oldest Stone Age tools have been found The Stone Age is contemporaneous with the evolution of the genus Homo, the only exception possibly being at the very beginning, when species prior to Homo may have manufactured tools.[3] According to the age and location of the current evidence, the cradle of the genus is the East African Rift System, especially toward the north in Ethiopia, where it is bordered by grasslands. The Stone Age in archaeology[edit]
List of time periods - Wikipedia The categorisation of the past into discrete, quantified named blocks of time is called periodization.[1] This is a list of such named time periods as defined in various fields of study. These can be divided broadly into prehistorical periods and historical periods (when written records began to be kept). In archaeology and anthropology, prehistory is subdivided into the three-age system, this list includes the use of the three-age system as well as a number of various designation used in reference to sub-ages within the traditional three. The dates for each age can vary by region. On the geologic time scale, the Holocene epoch starts at the end of the last glacial period of the current ice age (c. 10,000 BC) and continues to the present. Prehistoric periods [edit] Technological periods American (continent) periods Pre-Columbian America Colonial America Southeast Asian periods Maritime Southeast Asia Peninsular Southeast Asia Bronze Age China prechaic china[clarification needed] Medieval China
The Vanishing Evidence of Classical African Civilizations “A 2001 Update” Prof. Manu Ampim The “Vanishing Evidence” series is a general summary of years of detailed observation and research. I originally wrote "The Vanishing Evidence of Classical African Civilizations" series in The Gaither Reporter in 1995-1996. My initial goal was simply to follow the path of research outlined by the eminent scholar, Dr. My observations of the evidence are careful and are supported by photographic and video documentation. One of the most absurd invention of the conspirators is the forged statues of Ra-Hotep and Nofret in the Cairo Museum. One of the great forgeries of the 19th century which has already been proven is that of the famous Queen Tetisheri. Who are the conspirators responsible for these acts of destruction, alteration and invention is a basic question that must be answered. This brings us to the identification of a large group of conspirators, who are the handlers of the excavated artifacts. Prof. Prof.
Interactive 3D model of Solar System Planets and Night Sky Iron Chemical element, symbol Fe and atomic number 26 Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe (from Latin ferrum 'iron') and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. Extracting usable metal from iron ores requires kilns or furnaces capable of reaching 1,500 °C (2,730 °F) or higher, about 500 °C (932 °F) higher than that required to smelt copper. The body of an adult human contains about 4 grams (0.005% body weight) of iron, mostly in hemoglobin and myoglobin. Most notably, Iron is the highest atomic number element that could be created in exothermic nucleosynthesis. Characteristics Allotropes The first three forms are observed at ordinary pressures. The physical properties of iron at very high pressures and temperatures have also been studied extensively,[8][9] because of their relevance to theories about the cores of the Earth and other planets. Melting and boiling points Magnetic properties Isotopes Cosmogenesis Oceans
List of state leaders in the 8th century - Wikipedia State leaders in the 7th century – State leaders in the 9th century – State leaders by year This is a list of state leaders in the 8th century (701–800) AD. Africa[edit] Africa: Northeast[edit] Makuria (complete list) – Merkourios, King (696–710)Simeon, King (early 8th century)Abraham, King (early 8th century)Markos, King (mid-8th century)Kyriakos, King (c.747–768)Mikhael, King (c.785/794–804/813) Africa: Northcentral[edit] Ifriqiya (complete list) – Rustamid dynasty (complete list) – ʿAbdu r-Rahman ibn Bahram ibn Rūstam (Bānū-Bādūsyān), Imam (776–788)ʿAbdu l-Wahhab ibn Abd ar-Rahman, Imam (788–824) Africa: Northwest[edit] Barghawata (complete list) – Idrisid dynasty (complete list) – Idris I, King (788–791)Idris II, King (791–828) Kingdom of Nekor (complete list) – America: Mesoamerica[edit] Calakmul (complete list) – Yuknoom Took' K'awiil, King (c.702–731)Wamaw K'awiil, King (c.736)Ruler Y, King (c.741)Great Serpent, King (c.751)B'olon K'awiil, King (771–c.789) Copán (complete list) – Asia[edit] Turks
Ancient Egyptian race controversy However, the question of the phenotypical characteristics (skin color, facial features, hair texture) and genetic affiliations of the ancient Egyptians remains a point of study, discussion, and debate.[8] History The earliest examples of disagreement regarding the race of the ancient Egyptians occurred in the work of Europeans and Americans early in the 19th century. One early example of such an attempt was an article published in the New-England Magazine of October 1833, where the authors dispute a claim that "Herodutus was given as authority for their being negroes." They point out with reference to tomb paintings: "It may be observed that the complexion of the men is invariably red, that of the women yellow; but neither of them can be said to have anything in their physiognomy at all resembling the Negro countenance In the early 20th century, Flinders Petrie continued the discussion of Black Egyptians. Position of modern scholarship In 2008, S. Specific current-day controversies