List of confidence tricks This list of confidence tricks and scams should not be considered complete, but covers the most common examples. Confidence tricks and scams are difficult to classify, because they change often and often contain elements of more than one type. Throughout this list, the perpetrator of the confidence trick is called the “con artist” or simply “artist”, and the intended victim is the “mark”. Get-rich-quick schemes[edit] Get-rich-quick schemes are extremely varied; these include fake franchises, real estate “sure things”, get-rich-quick books, wealth-building seminars, self-help gurus, sure-fire inventions, useless products, chain letters, fortune tellers, quack doctors, miracle pharmaceuticals, foreign exchange fraud, Nigerian money scams, charms and talismans. Count Victor Lustig sold the “money-printing machine” which he claimed could copy $100 bills. Salting [edit] Spanish Prisoner [edit] Many con men employ extra tricks to keep the victim from going to the police. Persuasion tricks[edit]
Ben Franklin effect The Ben Franklin effect is a psychological finding: A person who has done someone a favor is more likely to do that person another favor than they would be if they had received a favor from that person. Similarly, one who harms another is more willing to harm them again than the victim is to retaliate.[1] Recognition of effect by Franklin[edit] In the words of Benjamin Franklin, who famously observed the effect and for whom it is named, "He that has once done you a kindness will be more ready to do you another, than he whom you yourself have obliged."[2] In his autobiography, Franklin explains how he dealt with the animosity of a rival legislator when he served in the Pennsylvania legislature in the 18th century: Having heard that he had in his library a certain very scarce and curious book, I wrote a note to him, expressing my desire of perusing that book, and requesting he would do me the favour of lending it to me for a few days. Effect as an example of cognitive dissonance[edit]
A list of decision strategies Decision strategies can be considered from two aspects, the big picture and the fine details. The big picture... A strategy is a plan of action or policy which is designed to achieve an overall aim. rational intuitive combinations Rational strategies have to do with identifying options, evaluating and comparing them and eventually deciding on the highest ranking or best option. Intuitive strategies indicate that there may be no rationale or logic behind the choices made. Gary Klein's recognition primed decision model is a combination of the first two. Smaller chunks Let's examine each of the 3 main groups mentioned in finer detail. Decision making is typically considered as the choosing between 2 or more alternatives. How? The big question, of course, is how to choose between many alternatives. David Welch in his book 'Decisions, Decisions' lays out five decision strategies: optimization constrained optimization preselection satisficing and randomization. Pros and cons of each Klein's Model
ilpuntodivista.biz Foot-in-the-door technique The principle involved is that a small agreement creates a bond between the requester and the requestee. Even though the requestee may only have agreed to a trivial request out of politeness, this forms a bond which - when the requestee attempts to justify the decision to themselves - may be mistaken for a genuine affinity with the requester, or an interest in the subject of the request. When a future request is made, the requestee will feel obliged to act consistently with the earlier one.[5] The reversed approach - making a deliberately outlandish opening demand so that a subsequent, milder request will be accepted - is known as the door-in-the-face technique. Classic experiments[edit] In an early study, a team of psychologists telephoned housewives in California and asked if the women would answer a few questions about the household products they used. [edit] Environmental applications[edit] Examples[edit] "Can I go over to Suzy's house for an hour?" Charitable donation[edit] Notes
Cold reading Basic procedure[edit] Before starting the actual reading, the reader will typically try to elicit cooperation from the subject, saying something such as, "I often see images that are a bit unclear and which may sometimes mean more to you than to me; if you help, we can together uncover new things about you." One of the most crucial elements of a convincing cold reading is a subject eager to make connections or reinterpret vague statements in any way that will help the reader appear to make specific predictions or intuitions. While the reader will do most of the talking, it is the subject who provides the meaning. After determining that the subject is cooperative, the reader will make a number of probing statements or questions, typically using variations of the methods noted below. Subtle cues such as changes in facial expression or body language can indicate whether a particular line of questioning is effective or not. Other techniques[edit] Shotgunning[edit] Warm reading[edit]
Len Kaplan Ideation International Inc.lkaplan@ideationtriz.com Abstract. This paper introduces a model of a conflict situation developed in order to formulate a comprehensive set of "thinking directions" for a conflict resolution. It increases reliability of dispute mediation and helps disputants to find mutually acceptable Win-Win solution. Proposed approach can be used by most of conflict resolution techniques. 1 Conflict resolution: current approaches 1.1 Ways to resolve a conflict Most of conflicts might be resolved simply by disputants' listening to each other, by clarifying expectations and complains. Conflict mediation has its own rules, procedures, approaches and techniques (Moore, 1996). Gathering information Solving a problem of the conflict Selection of mutually agreeable solution Implementation and follow-up This process, if successful, should result in either Win-Win or Walk-Away solution. 1.2 Shortcoming of current approaches 1.2.1 Avoid suggestions 1.2.3 Walk-Away solution
Decision Making Models overview Decisions! Decisions! The many decision making models that exist nowadays means that you even have to make a decision as to which one to use! There are rational models, intuitive models, rational-iterative models as well as 5, 6, 7 and even 9 step decision models. Most, however, move through each of the basic stages in decision making. On this page we will quickly scan over the main points of some of these decision models so that you have a sense of what's available. Some of these decision making models presuppose that decision making is the same as problem solving. I also understand that for some people decision making can be a problem! A brief explanation of decision making Rational decision making models Decision matrix analysis, Pugh matrix, SWOT analysis, Pareto analysis and decision trees are examples of rational models and you can read more about the most popular here. This type of model is based around a cognitive judgement of the pros and cons of various options. - General George S.
Optometry Optometry is a healthcare profession concerned with the eyes and related structures, as well as vision, visual systems, and vision information processing in humans. Optometrists[1] (also known as ophthalmic opticians[2] outside the United States and Canada[3][4][5][6][7] ) are trained to prescribe and fit lenses to improve vision, and in some countries are trained to diagnose and treat various eye diseases. Origin[edit] History[edit] Page 423 from "A treatise on the eye, the manner and phaenomena of vision" by William Porterfield, Published 1759 in Edinburgh. In this book the word "optometer" appears for the first time. Optometric history is tied to the development of The history of optometry can be traced back to the early studies on optics and image formation by the eye. Training, Licensing, Representation and Scope of Practice[edit] Optometry is officially recognized in many jurisdictions.[28] Most have regulations concerning education and practice. Africa[edit] Ghana[edit] Asia[edit]