All About The Internet: Infrastructure Infrastructure description Computer Networking: Global Infrastructure for the 21st Century By Vint Cerf Administration The overall responsibility for managing Internet Protocol address or domain names at upper levels is vested in the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), which delegates the actual administration of most functions to other bodies. At global regional levels, the principal bodies providing allocation and registration services that support the operation of the Internet globally are: RIPE NCC (Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre) ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Centre) LACNIC (Latin American and Caribbean IP address Regional Registry) AfriNIC (African Regional Registry for Internet Number Resources) Internet Operations American Registry for Internet Numbers Manages the Internet numbering resources for North America, a portion of the Caribbean, and sub-equatorial Africa. Internet Security Internet Connectivity
Application software Application software is all the computer software that causes a computer to perform useful tasks beyond the running of the computer itself. A specific instance of such software is called a software application, application program, application or app.[1] The term is used to contrast such software with system software, which manages and integrates a computer's capabilities but does not directly perform tasks that benefit the user. The system software serves the application, which in turn serves the user. Application software applies the power of a particular computing platform or system software to a particular purpose. Terminology[edit] In information technology, an application is a computer program designed to help people perform an activity. Application software classification[edit] There are many different ways to divide up different types of application software, and several are explained here. There are many types of application software: Information worker software[edit] See also[edit]
Alan Turing Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS (/ˈtjʊərɪŋ/ TEWR-ing; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was a British mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, pioneering computer scientist, mathematical biologist, and marathon and ultra distance runner. He was highly influential in the development of computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of "algorithm" and "computation" with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general purpose computer.[2][3][4] Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence.[5] During World War II, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre. For a time he led Hut 8, the section responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. After the war, he worked at the National Physical Laboratory, where he designed the ACE, among the first designs for a stored-program computer. Early life and career[edit] Cryptanalysis[edit]
Shifting from a Patriarchal to an Earth Centric Paradigm Earth Centric Paradigm: The polarity of extremist views continues to increase. Fundamentalists tend to blame academics/liberals, claiming we must put God back as central to our government. The mainstream seem to accuse talk radio and the 24/7 news media, with MSNBC and Fox News whipping hysteria into the right and left wings of our two-party system. Deep impact we as a species are creating our own deep impact. As early as the mid 1990s, it was suggested that what we as a species are experiencing is a paradigm shift toward an Earth Centric ethical standard: a shift no less profound than the scientific revolution 400 years ago. Many physicists and scientists across disciplines, having reached the limits of reductionism, have in recent years acknowledged that eastern philosophy and the ancient Greek philosophers were right all along.
How Internet Infrastructure Works" One of the greatest things about the Internet is that nobody really owns it. It is a global collection of networks, both big and small. These networks connect together in many different ways to form the single entity that we know as the Internet. In fact, the very name comes from this idea of interconnected networks. Since its beginning in 1969, the Internet has grown from four host computer systems to tens of millions. In this article, you will learn about the basic underlying structure of the Internet.
Linux Linux ( History[edit] Antecedents[edit] With AT&T being required to license the operating system's source code to anyone who asked (due to an earlier antitrust case forbidding them from entering the computer business),[23] Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by academic institutions and businesses. In 1984, AT&T divested itself of Bell Labs. Linus Torvalds has said that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own.[26] Although not released until 1992 due to legal complications, development of 386BSD, from which NetBSD, OpenBSD and FreeBSD descended, predated that of Linux. MINIX, initially released in 1987, is an inexpensive minimal Unix-like operating system, designed for education in computer science, written by Andrew S. Creation[edit] In 1991, while attending the University of Helsinki, Torvalds became curious about operating systems[28] and frustrated by the licensing of MINIX, which limited it to educational use only.
Vint Cerf Vinton Gray "Vint" Cerf[1] (/ˈsɜrf/; born June 23, 1943) is an American computer scientist, who is recognized as one of[5] "the fathers of the Internet",[6] sharing this title with American computer scientist Bob Kahn.[7][8] His contributions have been acknowledged and lauded, repeatedly, with honorary degrees and awards that include the National Medal of Technology,[1] the Turing Award,[9] the Presidential Medal of Freedom,[10] and membership in the National Academy of Engineering. In the early days, Cerf was a program manager for the United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) funding various groups to develop TCP/IP technology. When the Internet began to transition to a commercial opportunity during the late 1980s,[citation needed] Cerf moved to MCI where he was instrumental in the development of the first commercial email system (MCI Mail) connected to the Internet. Cerf was instrumental in the funding and formation of ICANN from the start.
DSCN0001 DRI: How Does The Internet Work? Introduction The Internet is a global network of computers which allows people to exchange data worldwide instantaneously. This simple sentence is the most accurate way to summarize the definition of "Internet," but it does not do justice to the phenomenal technology behind the Internet. The Internet spreads across all seven continents and includes computers that range from 35 year-old mainframes to modern home PCs to handheld devices. This Web site has been developed to provide a simple, "layman's" explanation of the unifying technology of the Internet. Part One: Basic Computing/Networking Concepts
Music This article is about music as a form of art. For history see articles for History of music and Music history. The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. To many people in many cultures, music is an important part of their way of life. Etymology The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike; "art of the Muses").[4] Music as form of art Jean-Gabriel Ferlan performing at a 2008 concert at the collège-lycée Saint-François Xavier Music is composed and performed for many purposes, ranging from aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, or as an entertainment product for the marketplace. There are often many links between amateur and professional musicians. Composition "Composition" is often classed as the creation and recording of music via a medium by which others can interpret it (i.e., paper or sound). Music can be composed for repeated performance or it can be improvised: composed on the spot. Notation Play
Tim Berners-Lee Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA, DFBCS (born 8 June 1955),[1] also known as TimBL, is an English computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web. He made a proposal for an information management system in March 1989,[2] and he implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet sometime around mid-November of that same year.[3][4][5][6][7] Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the Web's continued development. He is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation, and is a senior researcher and holder of the Founders Chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL).[8] He is a director of the Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI),[9] and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence.[10][11] Early life Career Current work Awards and honours Personal life
Salman Rushdie on Paris attack: Religion a ‘medieval form of unreason’ that deserves ‘fearless disrespect’ Don't miss stories. Follow Raw Story! Author Salman Rushdie — who had a fatwa placed on his head after publishing The Satanic Verses in 1988 — made a statement today about the attack on the Paris office of Charlie Hebdo that left 12 people dead. On Twitter, he wrote: In the linked statement, Rushdie said that “[r]eligion, a medieval form of unreason, when combined with modern weaponry becomes a real threat to our freedoms.” “This religious totalitarianism has caused a deadly mutation in the heart of Islam and we see the tragic consequences in Paris today,” he continued. “I stand with Charlie Hebdo, as we all must, to defend the art of satire, which has always been a force for liberty and against tyranny, dishonesty and stupidity.” “‘Respect for religion’” has become a code phrase meaning “‘fear of religion,’” Rushdie concluded.
Zuckerman and McLaughlin : Introduction to Internet Architecture and Institutions Introduction to Internet Architecture and Institutions Ethan Zuckerman & Andrew McLaughlin August, 2003 Table of Contents Introduction Introduction to Internet Architecture and Institutions was originally created as the introductory module of BOLD 2003: Development and the Internet, an online course taught by faculty and fellows at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Introduction to Internet Architecture and Institutions provides you with an introduction to the technical and organizational structure of the Internet. First, using simple examples, you will be introduced to the way the Internet works, the processes involved in keeping it running, and the entities that have put it all together and continue to do so. You are encouraged to follow the links available in the first section, "An Introduction to Internet Infrastructure." An Introduction to Internet Infrastructure We start with a tale of two emails: What happened? And that's it. Still confused? Efficiency