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Occam's razor - Wikipedia

Occam's razor - Wikipedia
Philosophical problem-solving principle In philosophy, Occam's razor (also spelled Ockham's razor or Ocham's razor; Latin: novacula Occami) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements. It is also known as the principle of parsimony or the law of parsimony (Latin: lex parsimoniae). Formulations before William of Ockham [edit] The origins of what has come to be known as Occam's razor are traceable to the works of earlier philosophers such as John Duns Scotus (1265–1308), Robert Grosseteste (1175–1253), Maimonides (Moses ben-Maimon, 1138–1204), and even Aristotle (384–322 BC).[10][11] Aristotle writes in his Posterior Analytics, "We may assume the superiority ceteris paribus [other things being equal] of the demonstration which derives from fewer postulates or hypotheses." This principle goes back at least as far as Aristotle, who wrote "Nature operates in the shortest way possible Ludwig Wittgenstein Related:  Spring 2017The Sorrow of Young Werther by Goethe-

The Death Of Expertise I am (or at least think I am) an expert. Not on everything, but in a particular area of human knowledge, specifically social science and public policy. When I say something on those subjects, I expect that my opinion holds more weight than that of most other people. I never thought those were particularly controversial statements. As it turns out, they’re plenty controversial. But democracy, as I wrote in an essay about C.S. What’s going on here? I fear we are witnessing the “death of expertise”: a Google-fueled, Wikipedia-based, blog-sodden collapse of any division between professionals and laymen, students and teachers, knowers and wonderers – in other words, between those of any achievement in an area and those with none at all. What has died is any acknowledgement of expertise as anything that should alter our thoughts or change the way we live. This is a very bad thing. Worse, it’s dangerous. This isn’t just about politics, which would be bad enough. This was both good and bad.

William of Ockham Franciscan friar and theologian in medieval England Sketch labelled "frater Occham iste", from a manuscript of Ockham's Summa Logicae, 1341 William of Ockham (; also Occam, from Latin: Gulielmus Occamus;[9][10] c. 1287 – 1347) was an English Franciscan friar, scholastic philosopher, and theologian, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey.[11] He is considered to be one of the major figures of medieval thought and was at the centre of the major intellectual and political controversies of the 14th century. He is commonly known for Occam's razor, the methodological principle that bears his name, and also produced significant works on logic, physics, and theology. In the Church of England, his day of commemoration is 10 April.[12] Life[edit] William of Ockham was born in Ockham, Surrey in 1285. He spent much of the remainder of his life writing about political issues, including the relative authority and rights of the spiritual and temporal powers. Logic[edit]

Newton's law of universal gravitation Classical mechanics physical law This is a general physical law derived from empirical observations by what Isaac Newton called inductive reasoning.[4] It is a part of classical mechanics and was formulated in Newton's work Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("the Principia"), first published on 5 July 1687. When Newton presented Book 1 of the unpublished text in April 1686 to the Royal Society, Robert Hooke made a claim that Newton had obtained the inverse square law from him. The equation for universal gravitation thus takes the form: where F is the gravitational force acting between two objects, m1 and m2 are the masses of the objects, r is the distance between the centers of their masses, and G is the gravitational constant. Newton's law of gravitation resembles Coulomb's law of electrical forces, which is used to calculate the magnitude of the electrical force arising between two charged bodies. History[edit] Early history[edit] Plagiarism dispute[edit] Modern form[edit] where and

Oceanic feeling A feeling of being one with the world In a 1927 letter to Sigmund Freud, Romain Rolland coined the phrase "oceanic feeling" to refer to "a sensation of 'eternity'", a feeling of "being one with the external world as a whole", inspired by the example of Ramakrishna, among other mystics.[1] According to Rolland, this feeling is the source of all the religious energy that permeates in various religious systems, and one may justifiably call oneself religious on the basis of this oceanic feeling alone, even if one renounces every belief and every illusion.[3] Freud discusses the feeling in his Future of an Illusion (1927) and Civilization and Its Discontents (1929). There he deems it a fragmentary vestige of a kind of consciousness possessed by an infant who has not yet differentiated themself from other people and things.[4] History[edit] In strict translation: Rolland based his description on the example of Ramakrishna who had his first spiritual ecstasy at the age of six. See also[edit]

Johnny Jump Ups | Auntie Dogma's Garden Spot Perennial, Viola Tricolor Johnny Jump Ups are a popular viola. They are called “old fashioned” favorites. These perennials are often grown as an annual, especially in northern parts of the country. Johnny Jump Ups are native to Spain and the Pyrennes Mountains. Small plants produce a wealth of dainty, fragrant blooms. Johnny Jump Up plants are popular, easy, and fun to grow. Propagation:Johnny Jump Ups are grown from seeds. Sow Johnny Jump Up seeds early in the season and cover lightly with 1/8″ soil. Transplant Johnny Jump Up into your garden after the last frost date for your area. How to Grow Johnny Jump Up:Johnny Jump Up prefer cool to warm climates, and wilt a bit in mid-summer heat. Once your Johnny Jump Up are established, they should grow well, even if left unattended. Remove/dead head spent blooms to promote additional blooms and extend the blooming period. Johnny Jump Up seldom have problems with insects and disease. Edible Landscaping Planning Preparation Planting Care Harvest

Potentiality and actuality Principles in the philosophy of Aristotle The concept of potentiality, in this context, generally refers to any "possibility" that a thing can be said to have. Aristotle did not consider all possibilities the same, and emphasized the importance of those that become real of their own accord when conditions are right and nothing stops them.[3] Actuality, in contrast to potentiality, is the motion, change or activity that represents an exercise or fulfillment of a possibility, when a possibility becomes real in the fullest sense.[4] Both these concepts therefore reflect Aristotle's belief that events in nature are not all natural in a true sense. "Potentiality" and "potency" are translations of the Ancient Greek word dunamis (δύναμις). Dunamis is an ordinary Greek word for possibility or capability. Actuality is often used to translate both energeia (ἐνέργεια) and entelecheia (ἐντελέχεια) (sometimes rendered in English as entelechy). Entelechy (entelechia) [edit] 1. 2. 3. New Testament usage

Extension From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Extension, extend or extended may refer to: Computing[edit] Mathematics[edit] Algebra[edit] Analysis[edit] Logic or set theory[edit] Other uses[edit] Music[edit] Places[edit] Extension, British Columbia, a village near Regional District of Nanaimo, British Columbia, CanadaExtension, Louisiana, unincorporated community, United States Science[edit] Other uses[edit] Objectivity (philosophy) Central philosophical concept, related to reality and truth According to the ethical objectivist, the truth or falsehood of typical moral judgments does not depend upon the beliefs or feelings of any person or group of persons. This view holds that moral propositions are analogous to propositions about chemistry, biology, or history, in so much as they are true despite what anyone believes, hopes, wishes, or feels. When they fail to describe this mind-independent moral reality, they are false—no matter what anyone believes, hopes, wishes, or feels. There are many versions of ethical objectivism, including various religious views of morality, Platonistic intuitionism, Kantianism, utilitarianism, and certain forms of ethical egoism and contractualism. History as a discipline has wrestled with notions of objectivity from its very beginning.

The Dementia Care Economy Essay John Thackara Above: the demential care ecology of Newcastle, in North East England. Illustration by Barbara Douglas The G8 Dementia Summit made much of the fact that millions will now be spent in a race to identify a cure or a ‘disease-modifying therapy’ for dementia. In response to that grand promise, I argued that the appropriate way for nation states to spend money on dementia would be in the ratio: 95 per cent for Care, five percent for Big Research. I did not pluck those numbers out of thin air. In Wales, for example, which is not untypical of industrialised nations, unpaid carers provide at least 96 percent of annual care hours; the remaining four per cent are provided by local authorities and independent providers. The social economy we yearn for already exists – but it’s unevenly distributed. Fifty percent of older care provision in Quebec is co-operative, for example. In Bologna, 87 percent of elder care is cooperative. This is no small shift of emphasis.

Teleology A teleology (from Ancient Greek telos, meaning roughly "end" or "purpose",[1] and -logia, meaning "study of, discourse") is an account of a given thing's end or purpose. For instance, we might give a teleological account of why forks have prongs by showing their purpose—how the design helps humans to eat certain foods. Stabbing food and helping humans eat is what forks are for. There are two kinds of telos or end. The purpose or telos of a fork is extrinsic or imposed on it by the user.[2] The notion of natural teleology is that natural entities have intrinsic teloi or ends, irrespective of human use or opinion. Though ancient atomists rejected the notion of natural teleology, teleological accounts of non-personal or non-human nature were explored and often endorsed in ancient and medieval philosophies, but fell into disfavor during the modern era (1600-1900). In the late 18th century, Immanuel Kant used the concept of telos as a regulative principle in his Critique of Judgment.

Royal Society national academy of science in the United Kingdom The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge,[1] is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences. Founded on 28 November 1660, it was granted a royal charter by King Charles II as "The Royal Society".[1] It is the oldest national scientific institution in the world.[2] The society fulfils a number of roles: promoting science and its benefits, recognising excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, fostering international and global co-operation, education and public engagement. It also performs these roles for the smaller countries of the Commonwealth. The society is governed by its Council, which is chaired by the Society's President, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. History[edit] Founding and early years[edit] Mace granted by Charles II. 18th century[edit] 19th century to the present[edit] Motto[edit] J.

Object of the mind Object that exists in the imagination Closely related are intentional objects, which are what thoughts and feelings are about, even if they are not about anything real (such as thoughts about unicorns, or feelings of apprehension about a dental appointment which is subsequently cancelled).[1] However, intentional objects may coincide with real objects (as in thoughts about horses, or a feeling of regret about a missed appointment). Mathematical objects[edit] Many more mathematical formulas describe shapes that are unfamiliar, or do not necessarily correspond to objects in the real world. Logical sequences[edit] If-then arguments posit logical sequences that sometimes include objects of the mind. Truth tables for if-then statements identify four unique combinations of premises and conclusions: true premises and true conclusions; false premises and true conclusions; true premises and false conclusions; false premises and false conclusions. False antecedent[edit] False consequent[edit]

odrive - Sync all cloud storage in one place Hesiod Ancient Greek poet Hesiod (;[1] Greek: Ἡσίοδος Hēsíodos, 'he who emits the voice') was an ancient Greek poet generally thought to have been active between 750 and 650 BC, around the same time as Homer.[2][3] He is generally regarded as the first written poet in the Western tradition to regard himself as an individual persona with an active role to play in his subject.[4] Ancient authors credited Hesiod and Homer with establishing Greek religious customs.[5] Modern scholars refer to him as a major source on Greek mythology, farming techniques, early economic thought,[6] archaic Greek astronomy and ancient time-keeping. Life[edit] Hesiod and the Muse (1891), by Gustave Moreau. It might seem unusual that Hesiod's father migrated from Asia Minor westwards to mainland Greece, the opposite direction to most colonial movements at the time, and Hesiod himself gives no explanation for it. The Dance of the Muses at Mount Helicon by Bertel Thorvaldsen (1807). Dating[edit] Modern Mount Helicon.

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