Bombing of Darwin The raids were the first and largest of almost 100 air raids against Australia during 1942–43. Background[edit] In 1942, Darwin was a small town with limited civil and military infrastructure. Due to its strategic position in northern Australia, the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) and Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) had constructed bases near the town in the 1930s and the early years of World War II.[6][7] Darwin's pre-war population was 5,800.[8] As early as August 1941 Darwin had been a key in the South Pacific air ferry route designed to avoid routes through the Japanese mandate in the central Pacific for bomber reinforcement of the Philippines. The first flight to use the route occurred when nine B-17D bombers of the 14th Bombardment Squadron (H) left Hawaii on 5 September and passed through Darwin 10–12 September. Following the outbreak of the Pacific War in early December 1941, Darwin's defences were strengthened. Prelude[edit] Opposing forces[edit] Air raids[edit] First raid[edit]
Romanticism Artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement The movement emphasized intense emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as fear, horror and terror, and awe — especially that experienced in confronting the new aesthetic categories of the sublime and beauty of nature.[7][8] It elevated folk art and ancient custom to something noble, but also spontaneity as a desirable characteristic (as in the musical impromptu). In contrast to the Rationalism and Classicism of the Enlightenment, Romanticism revived medievalism[9] and elements of art and narrative perceived as authentically medieval in an attempt to escape population growth, early urban sprawl, and industrialism. Defining Romanticism[edit] Basic characteristics[edit] The nature of Romanticism may be approached from the primary importance of the free expression of the feelings of the artist. Etymology[edit] Period[edit] Context and place in history[edit] Literature[edit] Germany[edit]
Year Without a Summer The year 1816 is known as the Year Without a Summer (also known as the Poverty Year, The Summer that Never Was, Year There Was No Summer, and Eighteen Hundred and Froze to Death[1]), because of severe summer climate abnormalities that caused average global temperatures to decrease by 0.4–0.7 °C (0.7–1.3 °F),.[2] This resulted in major food shortages across the Northern Hemisphere.[3][4] Evidence suggests that the anomaly was caused by a combination of a historic low in solar activity with a volcanic winter event, the latter caused by a succession of major volcanic eruptions capped by the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, in the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), the largest known eruption in over 1,300 years. The Little Ice Age, then in its concluding decades, may also have been a factor.[attribution needed] Description[edit] The Year Without a Summer was an agricultural disaster. North America[edit] Many commented on the phenomenon. Europe[edit] Asia[edit] Causes[edit] Effects[edit]
Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent is a southern region and peninsula of Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate and projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas. Geologically, the Indian subcontinent is related to the land mass that rifted from Gondwana and merged with the Eurasian plate nearly 55 million years ago.[2] Geographically, it is the peninsular region in south-central Asia delineated by the Himalayas in the north, the Hindu Kush in the west, and the Arakanese in the east.[3] Politically, the Indian subcontinent includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.[4][5][6] Sometimes, the term 'Indian subcontinent' is used interchangeably with 'South Asia',[7] although that last term is typically defined to include Afghanistan as well.[8] Which countries should be included in either of these remains the subject of debate.[9][10][11] Name[edit] The term Indian subcontinent also has a geological significance. Definition[edit] Geology[edit]
The Year Without A Summer | 1816 Weather Disaster The Year Without a Summer, a peculiar 19th century disaster, played out during 1816 when weather in Europe and North America took a bizarre turn that resulted in widespread crop failures and even famine. The weather in 1816 was bizarre. Spring came but then everything seemed to turn backward, as cold temperatures returned. The sky seemed permanently overcast. The lack of sunlight became so severe that farmers lost their crops and food shortages were reported in Ireland, France, England, and the United States. In Virginia, Thomas Jefferson, retired from the presidency and farming at Monticello, sustained crop failures that sent him further into debt. It would be more than a century before anyone understood the reason for the bizarre weather disaster: the eruption of an enormous volcano on a remote island in the Indian Ocean a year earlier had thrown enormous amounts of volcanic ash into the upper atmosphere. Reports of Weather Problems Appeared in Newspapers The Eruption of Mount Tambora
German idealism Philosophical movement German idealism was a philosophical movement that emerged in Germany in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It developed out of the work of Immanuel Kant in the 1780s and 1790s,[1] and was closely linked both with Romanticism and the revolutionary politics of the Enlightenment. The period of German idealism after Kant is also known as post-Kantian idealism, post-Kantian philosophy, or simply post-Kantianism.[3] Fichte's philosophical work has controversially been interpreted as a stepping stone in the emergence of German speculative idealism, the thesis that we only ever have access to the correlation between thought and being.[4] Another scheme divides German idealists into transcendental idealists, associated with Kant and Fichte, and absolute idealists, associated with Schelling and Hegel.[5] Meaning of idealism[edit] The word "idealism" has multiple meanings. History[edit] Theorists[edit] Kant[edit] Kant criticized pure reason. Jacobi[edit] Reinhold[edit] G.
The Year Without Summer 1816 - The Year Without Summer By: Lee Foster, Meteorologist As we all know living in New England means enduring long winters and savoring the short summers. However, in 1816, the summer season was shorter than normal and is commonly referred to as “The Year Without Summer”. The indications of a possible cool summer were evident during the spring time. After a warm start to June, the month quickly turned stormy. If June was bad enough, July started out no better. The fine weather continued into the middle of August when another frost occurred over interior and all of damaging many crops. The consequences of this season were harsh. So what caused this unusual weather during the summer of 1816? Whatever the cause, the next year saw the first general migration from the Northeast to the and 1816 also became know as the Poverty Year. It didn't matter whether your farm was large or small. It didn't matter if you had a farm at all. Cause everyone was affected when water didn't run.
Continental philosophy It is difficult to identify non-trivial claims that would be common to all the preceding philosophical movements. The term "continental philosophy", like "analytic philosophy", lacks clear definition and may mark merely a family resemblance across disparate philosophical views. Simon Glendinning has suggested that the term was originally more pejorative than descriptive, functioning as a label for types of western philosophy rejected or disliked by analytic philosophers.[4] Babette Babich emphasizes the political basis of the distinction, still an issue when it comes to appointments and book contracts.[5] Nonetheless, Michael E. Rosen has ventured to identify common themes that typically characterize continental philosophy.[6] First, continental philosophers generally reject scientism, the view that the natural sciences are the only or most accurate way of understanding phenomena. The term[edit] History[edit] Recent Anglo-American developments[edit] See also[edit] Notes[edit]
PEARLTREES.COM Professionalization Professionalization is a social process by which any trade or occupation transforms itself into a true "profession of the highest integrity and competence."[1] The definition of what constitutes a profession is often contested. Professionalization tends to result in establishing acceptable qualifications, one or more professional associations to recommend best practice and to oversee the conduct of members of the profession, and some degree of demarcation of the qualified from unqualified amateurs (that is, professional certification). It is also likely to create "occupational closure", closing the profession to entry from outsiders, amateurs and the unqualified. Occupations not fully professionalized are sometimes called semiprofessions. Process[edit] The process of professionalization creates "a hierarchical divide between the knowledge-authorities in the professions and a deferential citizenry History[edit] Professions began to emerge rapidly. Women in professions[edit] Physicians[edit]
Kids Science Great Britain Island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe Coordinates: 53°50′N 2°25′W / 53.833°N 2.417°W / 53.833; -2.417 Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. Connected to mainland Europe until 8,000 years ago, Great Britain has been inhabited by modern humans for around 30,000 years. The term "Great Britain" is often used to refer to England, Scotland and Wales, including their component adjoining islands.[11] Great Britain and Northern Ireland now constitute the United Kingdom.[12] The single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the 1707 Acts of Union between the kingdoms of England (which at the time incorporated Wales) and Scotland. Terminology Toponymy The archipelago has been referred to by a single name for over 2000 years: the term 'British Isles' derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group. Derivation of Great Modern use of the term Great Britain History Geology
Territorial evolution of the British Empire Animated map showing growth and decline of the British Empire The territorial evolution of the British Empire is considered to have begun with the foundation of the English colonial empire in the late 16th century. Since then, many territories around the world have been under the control of the United Kingdom or its predecessor states. When the Kingdom of Great Britain was formed in 1707 by the union of the Kingdom of Scotland with the Kingdom of England, the latter country's colonial possessions passed to the new state. From 1714 to 1837 the British throne was held by a series of kings who were also the rulers of the German state of Hanover. A number of countries (dominions) within the British Empire gained independence in stages during the earlier part of the 20th century. Many of the former territories of the British Empire are members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Governance[edit] An anachronous map of British and, prior to the Acts of Union 1707, English imperial possessions
Philosophy Historically, "philosophy" encompassed any body of knowledge.[14] From the time of Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle to the 19th century, "natural philosophy" encompassed astronomy, medicine, and physics. For example, Newton's 1687 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy later became classified as a book of physics. In the 19th century, the growth of modern research universities led academic philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize.[16][17] In the modern era, some investigations that were traditionally part of philosophy became separate academic disciplines, including psychology, sociology, linguistics, and economics. Other investigations closely related to art, science, politics, or other pursuits remained part of philosophy. Since the 20th century, professional philosophers contribute to society primarily as professors. Introduction Knowledge In Classical antiquity, Philosophy was traditionally divided into three major branches: Philosophical progress