Native America before European Colonization

‘Slam-dunk’ find puts hunter-gatherers in Florida 14,500 years ago Big game hunters of the Clovis culture may have just gotten the final blow to their reputation as North America’s earliest settlers. At least 1,000 years before Clovis people roamed the Great Plains, a group of hunter-gatherers either butchered a mastodon or scavenged its carcass on Florida’s Gulf Coast. Stone tools discovered in an underwater sinkhole in the Aucilla River show that people were present at the once-dry Page-Ladson site about 14,550 years ago, reports a team led by geoarchaeologists Jessi Halligan of Florida State University in Tallahassee and Michael Waters of Texas A&M University in College Station. Radiocarbon dating of twigs, seeds and plant fragments from submerged sediment layers provides a solid age estimate for six stone artifacts excavated by scuba divers, the team reports May 13 in Science Advances. DEEP FIND A diver surfaces from an excavation at Florida’s submerged Page-Ladson site holding a limb bone of a young mastodon. Brendan Fenerty

California Native Americans California Native Americans - Lifestyle (Way of Living)The climate, land and natural resources that were available to the Indian tribes resulted in the adoption of the California Native Americans culture. Name of Group: California Native AmericansLanguages: Athapaskan, Penutian and Uto-AztecanGeography of the State of California Native Americans: Mild temperate climate. Sea coastal regions, rivers and lakesAnimals: Deer, elk, rabbits, squirrels, quail, chipmunks, mountain sheep and bearSea Mammals: Seals, sea lions and sea ottersFish: Salmon, trout, eels, clams, crabsInsects: Crickets, grasshoppers, dried locusts and caterpillars were all eaten to supplement the dietNatural Resources: Oak Trees, buckeye, mushrooms, roots, acorns, nuts and grasses, seaweed. California Native Americans - Animals, Fish and InsectsThe Natural Resources available to the California Native Americans included animals such as deer, elk, rabbits, squirrels, quail, chipmunks, mountain sheep and bear.

The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War | Hispanic Division "The war of the United States with Spain was very brief. Its results were many, startling, and of world-wide meaning." --Henry Cabot Lodge Hispanic Division, Library of Congress This presentation provides resources and documents about the Spanish-American War, the period before the war, and some of the fascinating people who participated in the fighting or commented about it. Special Presentations Cuba | Philippines | Puerto Rico | Spain Acknowledgements World of 1898 Home | Introduction | Chronology | Index | Bibliography | Literature | Maps | American Memory

Appearance of camels in Genesis called sign of authors' distance from history | The Sideshow An Indian herder with his camel. Feb. 7, 2014. (Rajesh Kumar Singh/AP) Biblical scholars have long been aware many of the stories and accounts in the sacred book were not written by eyewitnesses, and according to new research, further evidence of that historical distance has appeared in the form of a hump-backed camel. New research using radioactive-carbon dating techniques shows the animals weren't domesticated until hundreds of years after the events documented in the Book of Genesis. And yet, the hump-backed creatures are mentioned repeatedly alongside Abraham, Jacob and Isaac, indicating the Bible's writers and editors were portraying what they saw in their present as how things looked in the past, says a New York Times article by John Noble Wilford: These anachronisms are telling evidence that the Bible was written or edited long after the events it narrates and is not always reliable as verifiable history. Via National Geographic:

The Map Of Native American Tribes You've Never Seen Before : Code Switch Aaron Carapella, a self-taught mapmaker in Warner, Okla., has designed a map of Native American tribes showing their locations before first contact with Europeans. Hansi Lo Wang/NPR hide caption toggle caption Hansi Lo Wang/NPR Aaron Carapella, a self-taught mapmaker in Warner, Okla., has designed a map of Native American tribes showing their locations before first contact with Europeans. Finding an address on a map can be taken for granted in the age of GPS and smartphones. Aaron Carapella, a self-taught mapmaker in Warner, Okla., has pinpointed the locations and original names of hundreds of American Indian nations before their first contact with Europeans. As a teenager, Carapella says he could never get his hands on a continental U.S. map like this, depicting more than 600 tribes — many now forgotten and lost to history. Carapella has designed maps of Canada and the continental U.S. showing the original locations and names of Native American tribes. Courtesy of Aaron Carapella

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Antiwar and Radical History Project Aquatic "invasion" of Fort Lewis, July 13, 1969, copyright (c) Steve Ludwig Antiwar movements have never been separate from movements for civil rights, union recognition, and social change. In the Pacific Northwest, labor unions and socialists played a large part in the movement against World War I, while civil rights activism paved the way for the growth of the antiwar movement during the Vietnam era. Vietnam veterans and soldiers saw their antiwar struggle as part of a larger one involving black power, anti-racist, and student activism. The Pacific Northwest Antiwar and Radical History Project is a multimedia web project that aims to chronicle the social impact of war and the rich history of antiwar activity in the Northwest. Tour the Project Oral Histories: Watch streaming video excerpts and read short biographies of activists we've interviewed, including former student organizers, antiwar soldiers, and anti-nuclear protesters.

Guns, Germs, & Steel - EP2: Conquest (2005) The Little-Known History of the Forced Sterilization of Native American Women Two fifteen-year-old Native American women went into the hospital for tonsillectomies and came out with tubal ligations. Another Native American woman requested a “womb transplant,” only to reveal that she had been told that was an option after her uterus had been removed against her will. Cheyenne women had their Fallopian tubes severed, sometimes after being told that they could be “untied” again. For many, America’s history of brutal experimentation on people of color is perhaps best summed up by the Tuskegee Experiment, in which doctors let African-American men suffer from syphilis over a period of 40 years. But another medical outrage is less well-known. Jane Lawrence documents the forced sterilization of thousands of Native American women by the Indian Health Service in the 1960s and 1970s—procedures thought to have been performed on one out of every four Native American women at the time, against their knowledge or consent. The results are still felt within tribes today.

Blackfoot Lakota at the Little Bighorn John Gray estimated that there were about 34 lodges of Sihasapa or Blackfeet Lakota at the Little Bighorn (1976 p. 356). We also know that there were two Sihasapa leaders present: Crawler and Kill Eagle (both discussed below on their own seperate threads). We know from John Grass and Charger (published in Dorsey 1897 p. 219-220) that Kill Eagle's band was known as Wajaje (not to be confused with the Brule/Oglala tiyospaye by the same name). — Ephriam Dickson According to the Cheyenne River Agency census conducted in January 1875 the following were the Sihasapa band headmen there: Little Blackfeet The Rattler Striped Cloud The Yearling [i.e.

Bracero History Archive | About The Bracero Program, which brought millions of Mexican guest workers to the United States, ended more than four decades ago. Current debates about immigration policy-including discussions about a new guest worker program-have put the program back in the news and made it all the more important to understand this chapter of American history. Yet while top U.S. and Mexican officials re- examine the Bracero Program as a possible model, most Americans know very little about the program, the nation's largest experiment with guest workers. The Bracero Program grew out of a series of bi-lateral agreements between Mexico and the United States that allowed millions of Mexican men to come to the United States to work on, short-term, primarily agricultural labor contracts. The Bracero Program was created by executive order in 1942 because many growers argued that World War II would bring labor shortages to low-paying agricultural jobs. The Bracero Program was controversial in its time.