Traité d'Andrinople, 1829, Russie Empire Ottoman, Digithèque MJP Traité de paix. Au nom du Dieu Tout-Puissant,Sa Majesté Impériale le très haut et très puissant Empereur et Autocrate de toutes les Russies et Sa Hautesse le très haut et très puissant Empereur des Ottomans, animés d'un égal désir de mettre un terme aux calamités de la guerre et de rétablir sur des bases solides et immuables la paix, l'amitié et la bonne harmonie entre leurs empires, ont résolu d'un commun accord de confier cette oeuvre salutaire aux soins et à la direction de leurs plénipotentiaires respectifs, [noms et titres des plénipotentiaires] lesquels s'étant assemblés en la ville d'Andrinople, après avoir échangé leurs pleins pouvoirs, sont convenus des articles suivans : Article premier. Toute inimitié et tout différend, qui ont subsisté jusqu'à présent entre les deux empires cesseront à dater de ce jour, tant sur terre que sur mer, et il y aura à perpétuité, paix, amitié et bonne intelligence entre S. M. l'Empereur et Padishah de toutes les Russies et S.
Muslim conquests According to traditional accounts, the Muslim conquests (Arabic: الغزوات, al-Ġazawāt or Arabic: الفتوحات الإسلامية, al-Futūḥāt al-Islāmiyya) also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab conquests,[2] began with the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the 7th century. He established a new unified polity in the Arabian Peninsula which under the subsequent Rashidun (The Rightly Guided Caliphs) and Umayyad Caliphates saw a century of rapid expansion of Muslim power. They grew well beyond the Arabian Peninsula in the form of a Muslim empire with an area of influence that stretched from the borders of China and India, across Central Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, Sicily, and the Iberian Peninsula, to the Pyrenees. The Muslim conquests brought about the collapse of the Sassanid Empire and a great territorial loss for the Byzantine Empire. History[edit] The individual Muslim conquests, together with their beginning and ending dates, are as follows: Muhammad's campaigns[edit]
Near East The Near East is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English and has been replaced by the terms "Middle East" and "West Asia", the former of which may include Egypt, and the latter strictly Southwest Asia including the Transcaucasus. According to the National Geographic Society, the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are "generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, Syria, and Turkey".[1] As of 1997, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defined the region similarly, but also included Afghanistan.[2] Eastern Question[edit] It now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. Background[edit] Balkan confusion[edit]
Soliman le Magnifique Soliman Ier (turc ottoman : سلطان سليمان اول (Sultān Suleimān-i evvel) ; turc : I. Süleyman) est probablement né le 6 novembre 1494 à Trébizonde (Trabzon) dans l'actuelle Turquie et mort le 6 septembre 1566 à Szigetvár dans l'actuelle Hongrie. Fils de Sélim Ier Yavuz, il fut le dixième sultan de la dynastie ottomane et le soixante-quatorzième calife de l’islam de 1520 à sa mort en 1566. On le nomme Soliman le Magnifique en Occident et le Législateur en Orient (turc : Kanuni ; arabe : القانوني, al‐Qānūnī) en raison de sa reconstruction complète du système juridique ottoman. En rupture avec les traditions ottomanes, Soliman épousa l'une des filles de son harem, Roxelane, qui devint Hürrem Sultan ; ses intrigues en tant que reine à la cour et son influence sur le sultan assurèrent sa renommée. Jeunesse[modifier | modifier le code] Soliman est né à Trabzon au bord de la mer Noire, probablement le 6 novembre 1494[1],[Note 1]. Campagnes militaires[modifier | modifier le code]
2008 Mumbai attacks The 2008 Mumbai attacks were twelve coordinated shooting and bombing terrorist attacks lasting four days across Mumbai, India's largest city,[6][7] by members of Lashkar-e-Taiba.[8] Ajmal Kasab, the only attacker who was captured alive, later confessed upon interrogation that the attacks were conducted with the support of Pakistan's ISI.[9][10] The attacks, which drew widespread global condemnation, began on Wednesday, 26 November and lasted until Saturday, 29 November 2008, killing 164 people and wounding at least 308.[2][11] Eight of the attacks occurred in South Mumbai: at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the Oberoi Trident,[12] the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower,[12] Leopold Cafe, Cama Hospital (a women and children's hospital),[12] the Nariman House Jewish community centre,[13] the Metro Cinema,[14] and in a lane behind the Times of India building and St. Background[edit] Training[edit] The recruits went through the following stages of training, according to the Indian and U.S. media:
Turkish language Turkish ( Türkçe ), also referred to as Istanbul Turkish,[4] is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 10–15 million native speakers in Southeast Europe (mostly in East and Western Thrace) and 60–65 million native speakers in Western Asia (mostly in Anatolia). Outside Turkey, significant smaller groups of speakers exist in Germany, Bulgaria, Macedonia,[5] Northern Cyprus,[6] Greece,[7] the Caucasus, and other parts of Europe and Central Asia. Cyprus has requested that the European Union add Turkish as an official EU language, even though Turkey is not a member state.[8] To the west, the influence of Ottoman Turkish—the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire—spread as the Ottoman Empire expanded. The distinctive characteristics of the Turkish language are vowel harmony and extensive agglutination. Classification The Turkic languages were grouped into the now discredited Altaic language group. Topic
Sciences et techniques dans l'Empire ottoman Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Cet article reprend les réalisations et évènements marquants dans le domaine des sciences et technologies sous l'Empire ottoman. L'étude des aspects culturels, scientifiques et intellectuels de l'histoire ottomane est un champ de recherche récent. Les premiers travaux menés montrent de nombreux points communs entre la recherche de cette période et la science occidentale moderne. L'approche culturaliste qui critique un certain "dogmatisme oriental" ou une "mentalité islamique" qui aurait pour conséquence un désintérêt pour les travaux de recherche se voit ainsi remise en cause avec l'avancée des études sur ce sujet. C'est en effet sous la domination ottomane que cette aire culturelle retrouve une unité politique, sous l'égide des sultans ottomans. Traductions et recueils[modifier | modifier le code] Géographie[modifier | modifier le code] La carte de Piri Reis fut découverte en 1929 lors de la transformation du palais de Topkapı en musée.
Battle of Vienna The battle was won by the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the latter being represented only by the forces of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (the march of the Lithuanian army was delayed; as a result they arrived in Vienna after it was relieved[13]). The Viennese garrison was led by Ernst Rüdiger Graf von Starhemberg, an Austrian subject of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. The overall command was held by the commander of the Polish forces, the King of Poland, Jan III Sobieski. The alliance fought the army of the Ottoman Empire and those of Ottoman fiefdoms commanded by Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha. The siege itself began on 14 July 1683, by the Ottoman Empire army of approximately 90,000[1]–300,000[4][5][6][7] men. Prelude[edit] The Ottoman siege of Vienna On 31 March 1683 another declaration, sent by Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha on behalf of Mehmet IV, arrived at the Imperial Court in Vienna. Battle[edit]
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (pronounced [mustäˈfä ceˈmäl äˈtäˌtyɾc]; 19 May 1881 (conventional) – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey. His surname, Atatürk (meaning "Father of the Turks"), was granted to him in 1934 and forbidden to any other person by the Turkish parliament.[1] Atatürk was a military officer during World War I.[2] Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish National Movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Early life Military career Early years He was proposing depolitization in the army, a proposal which was disliked by the leaders of the CUP. In April 1909 in İstanbul, a group of soldiers began a counter revolution (see 31 March Incident). Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912) Balkan Wars (1912–1913) Main article: Balkan Wars First World War (1914–1918) Main article: World War I Turkish War of Independence (1919–1922) Presidency
Provinces de l'Empire ottoman Les provinces de l'Empire ottoman étaient des divisions territoriales fondées sur l'administration militaire et civile ainsi que les fonctions exécutives. Leur nombre, leur hiérarchie et leurs limites varièrent plusieurs fois au cours des six siècles de l'histoire de cet empire disparu en 1923. Historique[modifier | modifier le code] L'organisation de l'Empire ottoman a évolué au cours de l'histoire[1]: les premières provinces ont été créées à partir du XIVe siècle, leur nombre s'accroissant progressivement au fur et à mesure de l'extension de l'empire. La structure administrative a été refondée au cours des vastes réformes (Tanzimat) de 1864, visant à la modernisation de l'Empire et à faire de l'administration des provinces un relais de l'État plutôt que le cadre des féodalités locales. Hétérogénéité du système[modifier | modifier le code] Période post-Tanzimat[modifier | modifier le code] En Europe[modifier | modifier le code] En Asie[modifier | modifier le code]
Fall of Constantinople The Fall of Constantinople (Greek: Άλωση της Κωνσταντινούπολης, Alōsē tēs Kōnstantinoupolēs; Turkish: İstanbul'un Fethi Conquest of Istanbul) was the capture of Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, which occurred after a siege by the invading Ottoman Empire, under the command of 21-year-old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, against the defending army commanded by Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. The siege lasted from Friday, 6 April 1453 until Tuesday, 29 May 1453 (according to the Julian calendar), when the city fell and was finally conquered by the Ottomans. The capture of Constantinople (and two other Byzantine splinter territories soon thereafter) marked the end of the Roman Empire, an imperial state which had lasted for nearly 1,500 years.[27] The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople also dealt a massive blow to Christendom, as the Ottoman armies thereafter were free to advance into Europe without an adversary to their rear. Preparations[edit]
Western Asia Western Asia, West Asia, Southwestern Asia or Southwest Asia is the westernmost subregion of Asia. The concept is in limited use, as it significantly overlaps with the Middle East (or the Near East), the main difference usually being the exclusion of the majority of Egypt (which would be counted as part of North Africa) and the inclusion of the Caucasus. The term is sometimes used for the purposes of grouping countries in statistics. The total population of Western Asia is an estimated 300 million as of 2015. In an unrelated context, the term is also used in ancient history and archaeology to divide the Fertile Crescent into the "Asiatic" or "Western Asian" cultures as opposed to ancient Egypt. As a geographic concept, Western Asia includes the Levant, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Iran, the Armenian Highlands, the South Caucasus, the Arabian peninsula as well as the Sinai Peninsula, making Egypt a transcontinental country. History Geography Geology Plate tectonics Water resources Climate Topography
L’Empire ottoman en Afrique : perspectives d’histoire critique Annales. Histoire, sciences sociales, 2008, 63-3. Voir Heath Lowry, The Nature of the Early Ottoman State, Albany, State University of New-York Press, 2003, 197 p. Voir aussi Karen Barkey, Bandits and Bureaucrats : The Ottoman Route to State Centralization, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1994, 282 p. et Klaus Kreiser, Der Osmasmanische Staat, 1300-1922, Oldenburg, 2008, 262 p. Sur ces points, voir Nora Lafi, « Diversity and the Nature of the Ottoman Empire », dans Steven Vertovec (dir.), Routledge International Handbook of Diversity Studies, London, Routledge, 2014, p. 125-131. Karen Barkey, Empire of Difference. Pour une réflexion sur ces aspects, voir Jean-Frédéric Schaub, « La catégorie “études coloniales” est-elle indispensable ? Sur la nature de ce système, Olivier Le Cour Grandmaison, Coloniser, exterminer. Sur cette notion, Christoph Herzog et Raoul Motika, « Orientalism ‘alla turca’ : late 19th/early 20th c. Voir, par exemple, André Raymond, Tunis sous les Mouradites.
Moscow theater hostage crisis The Moscow theater hostage crisis, also known as the 2002 Nord-Ost siege, was the seizure of the crowded Dubrovka Theater on 23 October 2002 by 40 to 50 armed Chechens who claimed allegiance to the Islamist militant separatist movement in Chechnya.[1] They took 850 hostages and demanded the withdrawal of Russian forces from Chechnya and an end to the Second Chechen War. The siege was officially led by Movsar Barayev. After a two-and-a-half day siege, Russian Alpha Group forces pumped an undisclosed chemical agent into the building's ventilation system and raided it.[1] Initial siege[edit] The hostages were seized on 23 October at the House of Culture of State Ball-Bearing Plant Number 1 in the Dubrovka area of Moscow about four kilometers south-east of the Moscow Kremlin.[7] During Act II of a sold-out performance of Nord-Ost a little after 9:00 PM, 40–50 heavily armed and masked men and women drove in a bus to the theater and entered the main hall firing assault rifles in the air.[8]