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Related: -An improved general E-unification method Bachmair, 1987 L. BachmairProof Methods for Equational Theories Algorithm Flow chart of an algorithm (Euclid's algorithm) for calculating the greatest common divisor (g.c.d.) of two numbers a and b in locations named A and B. The algorithm proceeds by successive subtractions in two loops: IF the test B ≥ A yields "yes" (or true) (more accurately the numberb in location B is greater than or equal to the numbera in location A) THEN, the algorithm specifies B ← B − A (meaning the number b − a replaces the old b). Similarly, IF A > B, THEN A ← A − B.
E-unification Previous: Equational term rewrite systems Next: Quasi-identity logic Up: Supplementary Text Topics Just as unification plays a crucial role in the study of term rewrite systems (see Chapter III of LMCS), one has E-unification for work with ETRS's. Indeed the equational theorem prover EQP that William McCune used to verify the Robbin's Conjecture (discussed at the end of Chapter III of LMCS) uses AC-unification.
New Algorithms Force Scientists to Revise the Tree of Life When the British morphologist St. George Jackson Mivart published one of the first evolutionary trees in 1865, he had very little to go on. He built the tree — a delicately branching map of different primate species — using detailed analysis of the animals’ spinal columns. But a second tree, generated by comparing the animals’ limbs, predicted different relationships among the primates, highlighting a challenge in evolutionary biology that continues to this day. Genetic programming In artificial intelligence, genetic programming (GP) is a technique whereby computer programs are encoded as a set of genes that are then modified (evolved) using an evolutionary algorithm (often a genetic algorithm - "GA"). The result is a computer program able to perform well in a predefined task. Often confused to be a kind of genetic algorithm, GP can indeed be seen as an application of genetic algorithms to problems where each individual is a computer program. The methods used to encode a computer program in an artificial chromosome and to evaluate its fitness with respect to the predefined task are central in the GP technique and still the subject of active research. History[edit] In 1954, pioneering work on what is today known as artificial life was carried out by Nils Aall Barricelli using the very early computers.[1] In the 1960s and early 1970s, evolutionary algorithms became widely recognized as optimization methods.
Tree of Life : Exhibits : Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History Reconstructing the Tree of Life One key issue in reconstructing the Tree of Life is the development of algorithms and computational infrastructure to allow scientists around the world to apply the same methods. A common approach is to identify the simplest hypothesis of relationships that explains as much different evidence as possible. Increasingly, however, scientists prefer the tree that renders the observed species data the most likely, given an underlying model of the evolutionary process. But finding the simplest or the most likely hypothesis can be very challenging. As phylogenetic datasets grow larger, it becomes more difficult to analyze them properly.
A fast parallel algorithm for N-ary unification with AI applications Unification is the central primitive used in all Resolution based Automated Theorem Proving systems (Robinson65a) and Logic Programming (Kowalski74) environments. Almost all the efforts in this area has been focused on the special case of unifying just two terms (binary unification (Kowalski79)), which is only sufficient when the theorem prover's input language is restricted (ex: to Horn logic (Horn51), (Henschen74)) or when additional inference rules are provided (such as Factoring (Wos64)). Fast (linear time) binary unification algorithms have existed for a decade (Martelli77), (Paterson78b), but when more than two terms are unified (n-ary unification), the typical solution is quadratic, the original algorithm being exponential (Robinson65a). We show that n-ary unification can be reduced to binary unification, resulting in efficient sequential and parallel algorithms. Asymptotic time cost analysis of unification in the recent Literature has contained ambiguities.
Unification Unification or unification theory may refer to: Computer science[edit] Physics[edit] Grand Unified Theory, a model in particle physicsUnified field theory, a type of field theory Politics[edit] Unification or re-unification of sovereign states, see political union Scientists discover how to turn light into matter after 80-year quest Imperial College London physicists have discovered how to create matter from light - a feat thought impossible when the idea was first theorised 80 years ago. In just one day over several cups of coffee in a tiny office in Imperial's Blackett Physics Laboratory, three physicists worked out a relatively simple way to physically prove a theory first devised by scientists Breit and Wheeler in 1934. Breit and Wheeler suggested that it should be possible to turn light into matter by smashing together only two particles of light (photons), to create an electron and a positron – the simplest method of turning light into matter ever predicted. The calculation was found to be theoretically sound but Breit and Wheeler said that they never expected anybody to physically demonstrate their prediction. It has never been observed in the laboratory and past experiments to test it have required the addition of massive high-energy particles.
René Descartes - Academic, Philosopher, Mathematician, Scientist - Biography Philosopher and mathematician René Descartes is regarded as the father of modern philosophy for defining a starting point for existence, “I think; therefore I am.” Synopsis René Descartes was born on March 31, 1596, in La Haye en Touraine, France. He was extensively educated, first at a Jesuit college at age 8, then earning a law degree at 22, but an influential teacher set him on a course to apply mathematics and logic to understanding the natural world. This approach incorporated the contemplation of the nature of existence and of knowledge itself, hence his most famous observation, “I think; therefore I am.” Early Life
Descartes' Life and Works 1. Early Years Descartes was born in La Haye on March 31, 1596 of Joachim Descartes and Jeanne Brochard. Descartes and the Pineal Gland 1. Pre-Cartesian Views on the Pineal Gland The pineal gland or pineal body is a small gland in the middle of the head. It often contains calcifications (“brain sand”) which make it an easily identifiable point of reference in X-ray images of the brain.
Kinetic energy In classical mechanics, the kinetic energy of a non-rotating object of mass m traveling at a speed v is . In relativistic mechanics, this is a good approximation only when v is much less than the speed of light. The standard unit of kinetic energy is the joule. History and etymology[edit] The adjective kinetic has its roots in the Greek word κίνησις kinesis, meaning "motion".